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SENSES • Sensory Receptors - detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses • somatic senses (touch, pressure, temp, pain) • - special senses (smell, taste, vision, equilibrium) Receptors and Sensations 1. Chemoreceptors = _______________________________ 2. Pain receptors = _______________________________ 3. Thermoreceptors = _______________________________ 4. Mechanoreceptors = _______________________________ 5. Photoreceptors = _______________________________ Sensation = feeling that occurs when a brain interprets a sensory impulse Projection = process where the cerebral cortex causes a feeling to stem from a source (eyes, ears) Sensory adaptation = sensory receptors stop sending signals when they are repeatedly stimulated Somatic Senses 1. Sensory Nerve Fibers - epithelial tissue, pain and pressure 2. Meissner's corpuscles - hairless areas of skin (lips, fingertips) 3. Pacinian corpuscles - deep pressure (tendons, joints) Temperature Senses (warm and cold receptors) Sense of Pain • Visceral Pain - occurs in visceral tissues such as heart, lungs, intestine • Referred pain - feels as though it is coming from a different part (heart pain may be felt as pain in arm or shoulder) • Acute Pain - originates from skin, usually stops when stimulus stops (needle prick) • Chronic Pain - dull aching sensation Regulation of Pain • Inhibitors of Pain (natural brain chemicals can be mimiced by drugs such as morphine) Enkephalins Serotonin Endorphins • What did the right eye say to the left eye? • Between you and me, something smells! 10.5 Sense of Smell (Olfactory) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgAgpDRL7 gg 10.6 Sense of Taste (Gustatory) Sweet Sour Bitter Salty • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuPKj7MHes Pre-test • What do you know about the ear? • http://www.medicinenet.com/ear_infection_quiz/ quiz.htm 10.7 – Sense of Hearing External Ear Auricle (pinna) - outer ear External Auditory Meatus Middle Ear (tympanic cavity) Middle Ear (tympanic cavity) • Eardrum (tympanum) • Auditory Ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes - transmit vibrations and amplify the signal • Auditory Tube (eustachian tube) connects the middle ear to the throat helps maintain air pressure Inner Ear Inner Ear • Semicircular Canals - sense of equilibrium • Cochlea – sense of hearing • Labyrinth - communicating chambers and tubes • Osseous labyrinth contains membranous labyrinth • Perilymph and Endolymph (fluids within the labyrinth) • Summary – bonemembranefluid Cochlea - hearing • Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and move the auditory ossicles. • The stapes is attached to the oval window, and vibrations cause the perilymph in the cochlea to vibrate • Inside the cochlea are hair cells that are special neurons, which are triggered to send a message through the auditory nerve to the brain. _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ________________________________ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hqmg_zeW3 RE Ear infection Sense of Equilibrium • Static Equilibrium - sense the position of the head, maintain stability and posture • Dynamic Equilibrium (semicircular canals) balance the head during sudden movement • Cerebellum - interprets impulses from the semicircular canals and maintains overall balance and stability Dynamic Equilibrium • http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter10.htm l Balance Test and Spinning Board examples • Nystagmus Cool other example • http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter10.htm l - temperature variation - caloric systagmus Hearing Online Activities do to complete the lab. • Google wisc online anatomy of the ear - **Do this as indicated on your lab report before you actually start the lab to review the anatomy of the ear. • Also, you will need to google webster.edu ear for instructions on the hearing tests. (The specific instructions on how to conduct the tests are not listed on your lab report.)