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Maps
Map projection
– “projection” of
a spherical earth
on a flat surface
http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/map-projections.gif
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude and Longitude are spherical
coordinates on the surface of the
earth
PreTest…
http://www.quia.com/quiz/294825.html
Latitude

Angular distance measured in
degrees North or South of the
equator
• Lines of latitude that run parallel to the
equator.
• Equator divides the globe into the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Longitude

Angular distance measured in
degrees East or West of the prime
meridian.
• lines of longitude, called meridians, run
perpendicular to lines of latitude
• all pass through both poles.
• each longitude line is part of a great
circle.




Equator—The line which encircles the Earth at
an equal distance from the North and South
Poles.
Meridian—any line of longitude; A great circle on
the surface of the Earth, passing through the
geographical poles and some third point on the
Earth's surface.
Parallel—A circle or approximation of a circle on
the surface of the Earth, parallel to the Equator
and connecting points of equal latitude.
Prime Meridian—The meridian of longitude 0
degrees, used as the origin for the measurement
of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich,
England, is the internationally accepted prime
meridian in most cases.
Mercator Projection

has correct
shapes of
continents, but
their areas are
distorted. Lines
of longitude are
projected onto
the map parallel
to each other
(square world
map)
Mercator Projection
Robinson Projection

has accurate continent shapes and shows
accurate land area
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
Gnomonic Projection

used to plot the
shortest distance
between two
points, projected
as if a sheet of
paper were laid on
a point of the
Earth’s surface
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
Conic (or polyconic) Projection

used to produce a
map of small
areas. They’re
made by projecting
points and lines
from a globe onto
a cone.
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
Conic (polyconic)
Projection

http://wwwatlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
http://www.bartleby.com/images/A4images/A4conprj.jpg
Cool website

Follow the link below…
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/x
peditions/hall/index.html?node=20
Map Scale
– the relationship between the distances
on the map and actual distances on
Earth’s surface
3 types of map scales
• Verbal: statement “1 inch equals 100
miles”
• Graphic: line divided into equal parts
and marked in units (bar scale)
• Numerical: written as a fraction scale
(1/100,000 and 1/24,000) or a ratio
scale (1:100,000 or 1:24,000)
Which map scale do you see?
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/geology/courses/topomap/scale/scaler.jpg
Topographic Maps
shows the changes in elevation of
Earth’s surface
Topographic Maps


Contour Line – a line on a map that
connects points of equal elevation
Contour Interval – difference in
elevation between two adjacent (side-byside) contour lines
http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm
Rules to Remember

Contour lines:
• close around hills and basins or
depressions
• never cross
• only touch if there is a vertical
slope/gradient (like a cliff)
• that form V’s that point upstream (to
the source) whenever they cross
streams
Landforms
the smaller features of the earth’s
landscape defined by their shape,
size and elevation…
Mountain

– an elevated area of land, higher than a
hill, with sloping sides
Valley

an area of land lower in elevation than
its surroundings
Valley
(topographic
map)

The blue line is
the river valley
• Note the steep
sides of the
river walls
Plain

an
extensive
, flat area
of land,
usually
without
trees
http://chapters.marssociety.org/canada/expedition-mars.org/ExpeditionTwo/files/photos/Stony-desert-plain.jpg
Plateau

A fairly flat area of land above surrounding
land (area of flat land with high ‘relief’)
http://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/pictures/photography%20pictures/Sunset%20from%20Tonto%20Plateau.jpg


(Relief – the distance from the base to
the top (peak, summit) of a landform)
Relief map…
http://faculty.gg.uwyo.edu/heller/Sed%20Strat%20Class/SedStrat%208/canyon800x600.jpg
Canyon
a valley with
very steep
sides
http://photos.mongabay.com/it/749Petra.htm

Canyon DiPetra,
Grand Canyon, AZ
Strait


a narrow
passage of
ocean water
joining two
larger bodies
of water
ie. Strait of
Gibraltar
between Africa
and Europe
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/earth/strait.jpg
Bay

a body of ocean
water mostly
surrounded by
land and smaller
than a sea or
ocean
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/d2/Wpdms_usgs_photo_san_francisco_bay.jpg

a land
projection of
land
surrounded on
3 sides by
water
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/Regions/ManiPeninsula.html
Peninsula
Mani Peninsula Satellite image

Island
land completely
surrounded by water
New Zealand's most active volcano, White
Island, was in a state of frequent eruption
from 1976 to 2000.
http://www.geonet.org.nz/images/volcano/our-volcanoes/White-Island-28766-20-lge.jpg
Lagoon

a shallow
body of
salt water
mostly or
completely
surrounded
by land
http://www.recreationvictoria.com/esquimaltlagoon/images/photos/esquimalt_lagoon-2.jpg
Archipelago

a group or chain of islands
http://lincoln.midcoast.com/~prospec/wizolution/cad/archipelago.jpg
Archipelago
a group or chain of islands

One more slide
Congratulations – you found the
hidden extra credit!!!
Find:

The magnetic declination for our school

A bench mark (picture)

Locate the nearest bench mark to school

The latitude and longitude of our school down to the nearest
tenth of a second.

The latitude and longitude of your house down to the nearest
tenth of a second.
Present this information to me after school any day before we
finish the map unit…. Then sing the hokey-pokey-with me
(only one verse) and get a bonus homework assignment.
Azimuthal
for example…
polar projection…
the north pole is
‘touching’ the map
and the
longitudinal lines
radiate outward.
