Download Practice Test for Pathology

Practice Test for Pathology
Introduction to Pathology
1. The abnormal structural or functional change within the body is called a __________________.
2. The sequence of events that lead from healthy tissue to structural and functional abnormalities of the tissues or organ
is called __________________________.
3. The name of the disease that the patient has is called a _______________________.
4. Symptoms are evidence of a disease as perceived by the _____________________ and the physical observations
made by the person who examines the patient are called ____________.
5. Clusters of findings typical for certain diseases are called ____________________.
6. If there a structural changes or lesions within the body then the type of disease would be classified as structural or
_________________ diseases.
7. Mental disease, tension headaches, irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia are all examples of
____________________ diseases.
8. If the disease has no known cause it is known as a ____________________ disease.
9. A patient having adverse reactions resulting from a treatment by a health specialist would be known as a
___________________ disease.
10.
Nosocomial disease is acquired in what kind of environment? _____________________
11.
Trauma, electricity, heat and cold, radiation are a __________________ causes of disease.
12.
What type of disease is commonly called an infection? _______________________
13. There are three types of internal causes of disease: ______________________ which would cover an obstruction in
the blood supply, __________________________ which could be caused by an allergic reaction and
________________________ which can be genetic or acquired and may be due to an abnormal metabolism.
14. _______________________ is the expected outcome of a disease.
15. A therapy or _______________ is an attempt to alter the natural course of the patient's disease, which can help to
_________________ symptoms and prevent ______________.
16. When a cure is not expected, the patient would then be treated with ____________________ therapy.
17. When cells decrease in size due to disuse, denervation, malnutrition, ischemia or lack of endocrine stimulation it is
called ___________________.
18. When there is a presence of lipofuscin (pigment) and it is found in the heart, nerve or liver cells we would called it
______________ atrophy.
19. An increase in cell size from both physiologic and pathologic causes is called ______________.
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20. ____________________ hypertrophy occurs when a patient has only one kidney after the surgical removal of the
other.
21. Myocardial hypertrophy in a person with hypertension is an example of _______________ hypertrophy.
22. The increase in the number of cells, which could lead to organ enlargement, is called
__________________________.
23. The conversion of one adult cell into another adult cell type is called __________________. This usually occurs in
response to chronic irritation and ______________________.
24. Dysplasia may be a precursor to __________________.
Injury
1.
Mild forms of injury produce sub-lethal cell injury called ________________________.
2.
Both the _______________ and ___________________ is preserved in an injured cell and the damage is limited
to the cytoplasm.
3.
Lethal cell injury is called ____________________ in which there is a rupture of the cell membrane, fragmentation
and dissolution of the nucleus and swelling or condensation of the cytoplasm.
4.
There are two types of injury: ______________________, which is sudden and leads to pathologic changes and
recovery within a short time. _____________________ which may be mild and continuous and lead to cumulative
effects on the cells and tissues.
5.
Lack of oxygen = _______________________ and reduced oxygen = _____________________.
6.
Localized hypoxia due to poor blood flow is called ________________________.
7.
Myocardial infarction is an example of ischemic __________________.
8.
A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel is called a _________________; when an object travels in the blood
stream it is called an ________________________.
9.
Atherosclerotic plaques are deposits of __________ and fibrin in the coronary arteries, brain, legs and kidneys.
10.
A complication of lung injury, I.V. application of drugs and solutions is called an __________ emboli.
11.
__________________ disrupts cells by direct force and its effects are dependent on the site injured and the nature
of the force.
12.
An over-reactivity to a material that is foreign to the body is called hypersensitivity or an
_______________________.
13.
When the body's immune system reacts to its own tissues (rheumatoid arthritis) this is called an
_________________________ reaction.
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14.
Parts of an atom (unpaired electrons) which can enter the body's cells and damage their structure and function are
called ________________________________. Sources of these can be endogenous which means they are
produced during normal cell ____________________ or they can be exogenous; being caused by pollutants,
tobacco smoke etc.
15.
___________________ is the destruction of worn out cells and is a controlled process.
16.
_______________________ necrosis is caused by anoxia whether it is generalized or ischemic and is
characterized by a pale yellow color and a solid soft texture.
17.
Liquefaction necrosis is caused by ________________ bacteria, which in turn attract neutrophils into the area,
whose enzymes liquefy the dead tissue and produce pus or _______________ exudate.
18.
Cheese like necrosis, which is caused by TB and fungi, is called _____________ necrosis.
19.
Enzymatic fat necrosis occurs in the _________________ and surrounding adipose tissues. Chalky white nodules
are produced.
20.
_______________ gangrene is common on the extremities and can affect diabetics.
21.
_____________ gangrene starts are coagulation necrosis, changes to bacteria and then to liquefaction and foul
odor. It spreads rapidly with no line of demarcation.
22.
Gas gangrene can be found in cases of trauma and compound _______________.
23.
A decrease in tissue size is called _______________.
24.
Aging causes this type of atrophy when the tissues are smaller and their function is decreased.
_________________________
25.
___________________ atrophy occurs when cells do not perform their function and ___________________
atrophy is due to a decrease in hormonal stimulation.
26.
The gathering of material within cells or between cells is called ________________________.
27.
Fatty change is the accumulation of lipids in ______________________ cells (liver, kidneys)
28.
Amyloidosis of the kidneys is an example of an accumulation of __________________.
29.
The accumulation of __________________ from hem of RBC's causes icterus = jaundice.
30.
Lead poisoning is an example of the accumulation of ______________, which can be diagnosed by seeing a blue
lead line along the margins of the gums.
Inflammation
1. Inflammation of the ________________ response of the body to injury.
2. The degree and the duration of the inflammation depend on the _____________ and the time course of the injury.
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3. The ______________ plays an important role in the regulation of an inflammatory reaction.
4. All pathologies that have the suffix ____________ = inflammation.
5. Microscopic changes of acute inflammation are characterized by two responses: 1)
______________________________ and 2) __________________________________.
6. Increased blood flow is an example of a _________________ response, which can be caused by: stimulation of small
nerve endings, released ________________ (allergic reaction) and a chemical circulating in the blood.
7. The leakage of water, electrolytes, serum proteins and blood cells into tissue spaces is called increased vascular
______________________, which facilitates the movement of cells and chemicals, promotes increased lymph flow
and dilutes offending agents.
8. __________________________, a serum protein, serves as a barrier against the spread of injury and is responsible
for coagulation.
9. Prostaglandin and leukotrienes are _________________-like substances produced in response to inflammation and
are involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis and fever.
10. The movement of leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) from the blood into the tissue is called a
__________________ response to injury.
11. ______________________ arrive fast to the site of injury and die and liberate digestive enzymes or phagocytose and
__________________ arrive later and are responsible for cleaning up inflammatory debris.
12. The process during which bacteria, cellular debris and foreign material are swallowed is called
_____________________.
13. The movement of WBC toward certain chemicals contained in bacteria is called ____________________________.
14. The bacteria which cause the brisk movements of neutrophils with death of neutrophils and tissues breakdown
leading to pus production is ________________________ bacteria.
15. The bacteria with evolved, thick, polysaccharide capsule that is resistant to enzymatic digestion and antibiotics is
called _________________ bacteria.
16. The cardinal signs of inflammation are: Redness or ___________________, heat, swelling or
___________________, pain and loss of function.
17. The goals of inflammation are to destroy or limit the spread of causative agent and to clean up debris in preparation
for ___________________.
18. If an inflammation is persistent for a long time it is called __________________ inflammation.
19. The two cells that are highly involved in chronic inflammation are _________________ and
__________________________, while the are less macrophages and few neutrophils.
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20. ________________- tissue tends to wall off the injured area.
21. One cause of chronic inflammation may be as a result of acute inflammation that persists and is usually caused by
_______________ bacteria, foreign bodies and _____________ tissue.
22. A low-grade injury may cause chronic inflammation by microorganisms, ________________ (pollen, molds, house
dusts) or chemicals (cosmetics, dyes, metals).
23. The combination of acute and chronic inflammation is called _______________ inflammation.
24. A specific type of chronic inflammation characterized by a focal collection of closely packed macrophages and
production of granulomas is called __________________ inflammation.
25. A granuloma has a giant cells which is a big __________________ in the center and surrounding this giant cell
are_____________________ cells which are in turn surrounded by _________________________.
26. On a macroscopic level, pale, yellow nodules or ___________ lesions could characterize granulomatous
inflammation.
27. A watery fluid with low protein content is called _____________________ and can be caused by heart failure,
depleted serum proteins and is usually generalized.
28. A cloudy or protein rich fluid is called _________________ and can be caused by inflammation or an obstruction of
lymphatic flow.
29. Blisters are an example of _________ exudate, which is a fluid with a small amount of protein.
30. Exudate with a large amount of protein and can be found in pneumonia, pleuritis or a skin wound is called
________________ .
31. Suppurative Inflammation and abscesses are examples of __________________ exudate.
32. If there is blood present it is called _______________ exudate.
33. If there is a body cavity that is filling with pus, we would call this ____________________.
Gross Inflammatory Lesions
1. A localized, spherical lesion containing liquefied dead tissue and neutrophils is called an ___________________.
2. Staphylococcus Aureus, streptococcus, E. coli and Proteus are all examples of ________________ bacteria which
will multiply and cause tissue damage.
3. Acne or pimples and boils or ________________ are examples of abscesses.
4. The course of an abscess is as follows: the area is inflamed, the center will liquefy and fluctuant, the edge is walled off
with ____________ tissue, the abscess moves to the surface and opens or is punctured and pain is
________________-.
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5. The spreading of acute inflammatory process in the skin and subcutaneous tissue which occurs as an extension of a
skin wound, ulcer, furuncles or carbuncles is called ____________________.
6. Erythematous = ___________________
7. The acute superficial infection of the skin caused by group A Streptococci is called ________________________ and
usually only effects the ears, face and lower extremities.
A locally excavated area of the skin or mucous membrane which is developed due to an injury or subsequent
inflammation is called an __________________. Which may be found in the stomach or duodenum or on the skin which
they are then called ___________________.
Repair
1. The two methods involved in repair are: ______________________ and
_________________________________________.
2. The replacement of destroyed tissue by cells similar to those previously present is called
___________________________.
3. Tissues that have very good abilities for regeneration are: Epidermis, bone marrow, mucous lining of intestinal tract,
the _____________, renal tubules and _____________.
4. Cells which cannot regenerate in adults are: cardiac muscle fibers, renal glomeruli, ____________________ and
____________________.
5. Scarring or ______________ is the replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous tissue where the original function is not
restored and can occur in any tissue.
6. Organization has two stages: ____________________________________ in which new capillaries and fibroblasts in
grow into an injured area and ________________________ where fibroblasts proliferate and form collagen.
7. The process of dead tissue removal is called ________________________.
8. A clean, surgical incision where the would edges are placed together by sutures or tape would be an example of
______________ union or intention.
9. Granulation tissue is comprised of large proliferation of capillaries and _______________ and inflammatory cells
(neutrophils and lymphocytes) which takes place during ________________ union or intention.
10. A raised scar that extends beyond the original boundaries of the wound is called a __________________.
11. A raised scar that remains within the original boundaries of the wound and tends to regress over time is called a
_______________________ scar.
12. When a wound pulls apart at the suture line, during 5 - 12 days after suturing it is called wound
_____________________. This is due to wound inflammation, excessive strain or obesity.
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13. An excessive wound contraction resulting in deformity is called a wound _______________ and can be caused by
burns or liver cirrhosis.
14. Factors that affect the healing process are: type and size of wound, virulence of the infecting organism, nutrition,
steroids, ______________________ and ______________________.
Neoplasia
1. The growth of tissue (when cells multiply and bear offspring) is called ____________________________.
2. The process during which cells are transformed into more specialized cell types is called
___________________________.
3. A synonym for neoplasm is ___________________.
4. A neoplasm is the proliferation of cells that increase tissue mass and is independent from normal cellular control
mechanism and arises from _____________________ cells - teratoma, embryonic cells - embryonal neoplasm or
mature __________________ cells - neoplasm.
5. The presence of undifferentiated cells in neoplasmic tissue is called _________________.
6. Hematoma is a collection of _____________ and is not a neoplasm.
7. Glioma is a neoplasm of the supporting cells of the ________________________.
8. Breast adenoma, fibroma or lipoma are all examples of ______________________ of a benign neoplasm which
grows inside of tissues and compresses the tissue around them.
9. An abnormal protrusion from the mucous surface is called a _______________ and is found in the stomach or the
colon.
10. If a cells is a little different from a normal cells it is called _______________.
11. A synonym for a malignant tumor or neoplasm is _______________________.
12. A malignant tumor is a hard mass and ____________-lobular and is not able to separate from the surrounding tissues
during surgery. They can turn into necrosis (ischemic) and can bleed (____________________)
13. The direct extension of neoplastic cells into the surrounding tissues is called ________________________.
14. The spread of malignant cells to a new site is called _________________________.
15. Malignant cells are transported by: the lymph system, body space and the ________________ system.
16. An increase in size and staining of the nucleus and an irregular shape of the nucleus can be evidence for cellular
___________________.
17. The criteria for malignancy is that cells must present atypia, demonstrate _________________ and demonstrate
invasion.
18. An example of a malignant neoplasm that is not solitary in its origin is ___________________.
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19. After a tumor sheds cells into the circulation and those cells adhere to the vascular endothelium, these cells multiply
and form independent tumor nodules called _____________________________.
20. The primary tumor has an inhibitory effect on the ______________ of a metastic nodule.
21. The areas that development of cancer from a pre-neoplastic state is detectable are: the uterine cervix, the oral cavity,
the larynx and the __________________ epithelium of the skin.
22. There are 4 stages of a precancerous state: normal tissue, ______________ hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia =
________________ carcinoma _____________________. If detected in any of these stages, cancer can be
prevented.
Cancer
1. There are two types of manifestations of cancer: local and _________________________.
2. A local manifestation is obstruction which can be ___________________ which is by tumors growing within the lumen
or ________________________ which is by compression of tumorous mass.
3. A spontaneous fracture or a fracture resulting from a slight trauma is a local manifestation and called a
__________________ fracture. The causes for this can be a bone tumor or metastasis, primary cancer of bone
marrow or osteoporosis induced by inactivity or a ___________________.
4. A systemic manifestation: Infection can develop from __________________ where the bone marrow is replaced by
cancerous cells, when leukocytes are deficient in phagocytic activity, when _____________________ is performed
which will suppress the bone marrow's production of leukocytes or when lymphocytes are decreased in
______________ and quality.
5. Anemia can be from decreased ____________________ which is caused by bone marrow replacement by cancer
cells, effect on chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation of bone marrow or ______________ loss.
6. The generalized wasting that occurs in terminal cancer patients is called _______________. Anorexia or an
__________________ of the GI tract causes this.
7. ____________ has an impact on the incidence and the mortality of cancers.
8. Prostate, stomach and colon cancers are more common in adults ages _______ to ________.
9. The two types of cancers that usually effect children from birth to 10 years old are osteosarcoma and
__________________.
10. The fact that some malignancies occur more often in certain families is called
___________________________________.
11. The human papilloma virus can cause carcinoma of the _____________________.
12. The Epstein-Barr virus can cause _________________ and ________________________ can cause hepatoma.
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13. An agent capable of causing cancer is called a ______________________.
14. Chronic dermatitis can change into _______________________________________.
15. Chronic antigen stimulation leads to an expansion of B-lymphocytes and a development of
_______________________.
16. An event, probably in the cell's DNA, that can give rise to cancer is called _____________________________.
17. Factors that do not initiate cancer growth, but favor its development once the initiating event has taken place are
called ______________________. An example would be a high fat diet.
18. Fiber, vitamin C & E, beta-carotene and chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables and legumes are all
___________________________ = factors that oppose the development of cancer.
19. The direct extension into surrounding tissues that may be slow or rapid and causes local destruction and spreads
into body cavities is called local ____________________.
20. The spread of a malignant tumor through the lymphatics to regional lymph nodes is called a regional spread and the
spread through the lymphatics to all lymph nodes or through the blood stream to the liver or lungs is called
________________ spread.
21. The histologic differentiation of cancers are called __________________. This is determined by the degree of
resemblance of the cancer to its tissue of __________________.
22. Well-differentiated cells are _________ malignant and poorly - undifferentiated cells are __________ malignant and
have more atypia.
23. The spread of cancers is described in __________________. The degree of local invasion and regional and distant
metastases determine this.
24. The measure of the number of newly diagnosed patients in a given time period, usually a year per number of persons
in the population surveyed is _____________________ rate.
25. The number of persons living with a disease at any one point in time per the number of persons in the population is
called the __________________ rate.
26. Which type of rate is useful in describing diseases of a short duration: __________________
27. Which type of rate is useful in describing long-standing diseases that are neither cured nor lead to death within a few
years is _________________________.
28. The percentage of people with a particular conditions that live for a given period of time after diagnosis is called the
__________________ rate.
29. The number of persons who have died from the disease in a given time period per the number of persons in the
surveyed population is called the __________________ rate.
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30. Factors which are important for the diagnosis of tumors are: History, clinical examination, blood smear and cytology,
________________________ and __________________________. (give two more examples - more than two are
left….)
31. In the treatment of tumors there are different procedures: Surgical removal, ________________ therapy in tumors
which are not surgically accessible or to follow surgery to treat a residual neoplasm, ____________________ which
involves cell-killing chemicals and is used for leukemia and lymphomas, _________________________ which is used
in the treatment of breast or prostate cancer with metastases where estrogen can be given or certain glands are
removed and vaccination
Skin Diseases
1. Symptoms of skin diseases are usually an unsightly appearance, pain and ____________________.
2. The important points regarding the appearance of skin lesions are: the size, shape or texture; the location on the
body, the multiplicity and the _______________________.
3. ________________________ and _____________________ cultures are diagnosed by taking skin specimens
which are incubated in a culture media to identify the microorganisms and to test their sensitivities to antibiotics.
4. The identification of antibodies, immunoglobulin and complement components for allergic diseases using fluorescent
light on a slide mounted biopsy specimen is called ___________________________________________________.
5. What type of examination of the skin or hair to identify the fungus under UV light is called
_______________________.
6. A patch and scratch test is the application of suspected ____________________ to a skin patch or a scratch for the
evaluation of immune system responses.
7. In a diascopy, a glass or clear plastic is pressed on the skin to differentiate ______________ caused by dilated
capillaries (blanching), from the extravasations of blood (no blanching).
Skin Lesions
1. A _________________ is a flat, circumscribed area that is less than I cm in diameter. An example would be
freckles, measles or rubella.
2. A nonpalpable, irregular shaped macule that is more than I cm in diameter is called
a:_______________________________.
3. A papule is an elevated, firm circumscribed area that is ___________ than I cm in diameter.
4. psoriasis and drug eruptions are examples of these elevated, rough and firm lesions that have a flat top and a
surface greater than 1 cm in diameter. ______________________________.
5. A ________________________ is a transient elevated lesion caused by local edema.
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6. This lesion is deeper in the dermis than a papule and is elevated and 1 -2 cm in diameter.
_________________________________
7. Vesicles are elevated, circumscribed, superficial and contain _____________ fluid and are less than 1 cm in
diameter.
8. A blister caused by physical trauma or sunburn are aka for a ____________________.
9. Acne, furuncles, carbuncles and impetigo are all examples of _______________________.
10. Telangiectasia are dilated superficial _______________________________.
11. Scale is heaped up, flaky, superficial material (______________) that can be irregular, oily or dry, thick or thin and
easily separates from the skin.
12. A rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent irritation like in chronic dermatitis is called
________________.
13. This type of lesion is an enlarging scar that grows beyond the boundary of the wound.
________________________.
14. When someone experiences a loss of epidermis like in an abrasion or a scratch, this lesion would be classified as
an ____________________________.
15. A fissure is a __________________crack whereas an ________________________ is the loss of part of the
epidermis that is depressed, moist and follows the rupture of a vesicle or bulla.
16. Aged skin and straie (stretch marks) are examples of this ____________________________.
Genetic/Development Diseases
1. A congenital proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis, present as flat or elevated, red or purple lesions is called
__________________________________.
2. A ________________________ hemangioma is a raised, bright red, vascular lesion that is present at birth or
emerges 5 weeks later. It is located on the head, neck or trunk and will grow until the child is 1 year old and will
then involutes without scarring.
3. A cavernous hemangioma is located on the ______________ and ______________ and is formed from larger and
more mature vessels that will grow fast the first year and then involutes until the child is 9 years old.
4. The treatment of hemangioma are surgery, liquid nitrogen or ___________________.
5. These are macular, pink lesions that are present at birth and located on the neck, they are the most common
congenital malformation. ____________________________________.
6. Port wine stains are present at birth and do not fade with age. They are flat ____________ to
_________________ lesions that are located on the face or other parts of the body.
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7. Vascular ______________________ are not congenital and occur often in patients during pregnancy, with hepatic
cirrhosis or while taking oral contraceptives.
8. Vitiligo is an example of _____________pigmentation that is an absence of melanocytes, causing areas of skin to
have sharply demarcated and often symmetrical lesions. They may follow physical trauma, emotional stress,
diabetes mellitus, pernicicus anemia or thyroid dysfunction.
9. ____________________________ _______________________ follows healing or certain inflammatory
disorders, burns, skin infections and appears in scars and atrophic skin.
10. _______________________ is the darkening of skin due to the deposition of melanin.
11. Melasma or Chloasma occurs during pregnancy and are sharply marginated pigmentation ______________ in
color that disappear after child birth.
12. A hereditary condition that is characterized by an intolerance of the skin and eyes to sunlight, with the development
of skin cancers in childhood or early adult life is called _________________________ pigmentosum.
13. When someone has excessive body hair we would conclude that they are suffering from
______________________________________.
14. An aka for alopecia is _____________________________.
15. There are three types of nonscarring alopecia: Male pattern, female pattern and ______________.
16. The prognosis is poor is this type of alopecia begins in childhood. __________________________.
17. Hair loss due to atrophy or after burns, physical trauma, x-rays, chronic bacteria or fungal infections is called
________________________ alopecia.
Inflammatory Diseases
1. Prickly heat aka ________________ is an acute inflammatory pruritic eruption due to retain sweat which occurs
when sweat is trapped in the epidermis or dermis.
2. Measles, rubella, and chicken pox are all examples of this type of infection. __________________.
3. verrucae aka __________________ are benign neoplastic proliferations of the epithelium that are caused by
different strains of the papilloma virus.
4. There are various techniques employed to treat verrucae – freezing with liquid ______________, electrocautery,
vaporization with lasers or keratolytics.
5. Acne is a common inflammatory disease that is an example of this type of infection.
________________________________.
6. Comedones aka __________________ are formed with the plugging of the hair follicles and associated
sebaceous gland ducts with lipid and keratin material.
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7. This type of acne is scarring and may cause disfiguring __________________________________.
8.
The permanent erythema on the nose, cheeks, forehead and chin that occurs in middle age and older adults is
called ____________________________.
9. Impetigo is a superficial _____________________ skin infection that is characterized by oozing crusty blisters
and pustules that are usually found on the face.
10. Impetigo is caused by Group A Streptococci and sometimes by ___________________________.
11. This type of impetigo is common in neonates and is highly contagious ____________________.
12. Scaled Skin Syndrome is caused by ______________________________ (bacteria) and is found in infants and
children younger than 5 years. It begins as a fever, erythema, blisters, bullae, and symptoms are pain and
dehydration.
13. This is a superficial or deep bacterial infection and an irritation of the hair follicle that may become chronic in
bearded areas _____________________________.
14. Paronycia are abscesses that are found in the folds around ______________________ which form painful
elevated red areas and develop into pale soft centers that will eventually burst and heal with a small scar.
15. Erysipelas is an acute superficial infection caused by ___________________________(bacteria)
16. Dermatophytes are ____________ located in the keratin layers of the skin, nails or hair.
17. Athlete’s foot aka ______________________ affects the soles and interdigital spaces of the feet.
18. Tinea ___________________ is found on the body and face and are round, oval or circular patches with central
healing and mostly effects children.
19. Tinea Cruris aka ____________________ is found on the buttocks, perineum and inner thighs.
20. Tinea Capitis and Tinea Barbae results in the _______________ of hair and ___________ hair loss.
21. The hyperpigmentated macules that have a fine scale and are usually found on the back are most likely an
example of Tinea _____________________.
22. Candida Albicans aka ___________________________ is a fungal infection of the skin that can be found more
prominently in people who have diabetes mellitus, antibiotic therapy, corticosteroid therapy, pregnancy, oral
contraceptives, poor nutrition, immunosuppressive disease and chronic immersion in water.
Parasitic Infections of the Skin
1. Pediculosis is an infestation of ________________.
2. This type of pediculosis only affects the head and is spread by personal contact and very common among school
children. ______________________________.
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3. Pediculosis Corporis or body lice can be seen as red puncta on the skin due to bites and are a vector for
_________________ causing epidemic.
4. “the Itch” aka ___________________ is a transmissible parasitic infection characterized by superficial burrows,
intense pruritis and secondary infection.
Dermatitis
1. _______________ is a term often used to describe dermatitis which evolves from an acute to a chronic form.
2. This type of dermatitis is sharply demarcated and produced by substances in contact with the skin.
_____________________________.
3. Soap, acetone and acids are examples of ________________ irritants.
4. _______________ contact dermatitis requires a latent period between the time of the first exposure and the
exposure that causes dermatitis.
5. Examples of substances that can cause contact dermatitis are: Topical medications, chemicals used in the
manufacture of shoes and clothing, dyes, cosmetics, industrial agents, __________________ and
______________ compounds.
6. In order diagnose any allergens a __________ test is perform.
7. ______________________ contact dermatitis is an exaggerated response to sunlight caused by certain chemicals
applied to the skin.
8. Atopic dermatitis or ______________________ dermatitis is a chronic, itching, superficial inflammation of the skin
that usually occurs in individuals with a personal or family history of allergic disorders. The cause is unknown.
9. In older children and adults eczema appears in the _______________ and popliteal fossa, the neck and the wrists.
10. Exacerbations and ____________________ frequently recur during childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
11. ___________________ dermatitis is an inflammatory scaling disease of the scalp, face and other areas of the
body. It is a very common form of dermatitis and usually begins in childhood as fine scaling on the scalp called
“cradle-cap”.
12. Urticaria or _________________ are acute patchy eruptions with raised edematous areas surrounding by red
margins.
13. The treatment of urticaria is ________ histamines
14. Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent disease characterized by dry well – circumscribed __________,
scaling papules and plaques of various sizes.
15. Psoriasis sometimes develops in children after an __________________________ infection.
16. The non pruritic lesions from psoriasis heal ___________ scarring, and hair growth is not altered.
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17. Treatments for psoriasis are lubricants, keratolytics, topical corticosteroids and _________________ is beneficial.
18. Pityriasis ______________ is a rash of unknown origin that affects young adults and is called a herald patch and is
sometimes referred to by its “Christmas Tree” shaped pattern. This infection is symptomatic and therefore will
resolve itself in a few months.
19. ________ planus is a benign, inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. That is sometimes
caused by film processing chemicals or drugs. The papules are violet colored and ______________ (many sided)
and are localized on the wrists, ankles, lower legs and genitalia. If it persistent it will become hypertrophic.
20. Lacy white rings are found in ____________ or vaginal mucous membranes.
21. Lichen Simplex Chronicus is localized lichenoid _______________, which consists of patches of itchy, reddened,
thickened, scaly dry skin that occurs on the skin of the neck, wrists, ankles and anal area.
22. __________________ eczema is found in people with a history of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis and it
aggravated by the presence of iodides in ___________ and bromides found in bathing water.
Hyperplastic/Neoplastic Diseases
1. A nevus or nevi is a _________ that is a circumscribed pigmented macule, palpule or nodule, composed of
clusters of melanocytes.
2. If a nevus is pedunculated, it has a ____________.
3. Freckles are localized areas of hyperpigmentation that occurs in response to ______________________.
4. Age spots aka ______________ ____________ are localized areas of increased melanocytes in the epidermis or
exposed areas of skin in people past middle age.
5. Actinic keratosis aka senile of _________ keratosis are multiple scaly lesions on the sun exposed skin of people in
or past middle age.
Malignant Tumors
1. ____________ cell carcinoma is the most common and accounts for 75% of all skin cancers.
2. This skin cancer is usually found around the eyelids, ears and mouth and does not ____________________.
3. ________________ cell carcinoma accounts for 23% of all skin cancers and the cells resemble the layers of the
epidermis (stratum spinosum and granulosum). They commonly arise in ________ scars, actinic keratosis and
chronic ulcers and may metastasize.
4. The treatment for squamous cell carcinoma is _____________________________.
5. A malignant melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocyte origin and accounts for _________ of all skin cancers.
6. 20% of patients with malignant melanoma die from _________________________.
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7. __________________ spreading melanoma consists of flat to slightly raised lesions forming 2/3 of all melanomas
and is present on the legs of women and the torsos of men.
8. ______________ maligna melanoma is a slow growing, flat nevus that develops on the exposed skin of older
people.
9. Nodular melanoma is a _______________ (color) (like a blood blister) with a raised surface and grows downward
and expands.
10. Acral lentiginous melanoma grows on the ______________ of the hands and ______________ of the feet and on
____________________ membranes and has the appearance of lentigo maligna.
11. The diagnosis technique for all malignant tumors is an _______________________________.
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