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Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ______Key________ Class Period: ___________ Guided Notes Chapter 16: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Section 4: Evidence for Evolution Biogeography 1. What is biogeography? The study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived. 2. How does geographic distribution of a species today relate to their evolutionary history? Patterns in the distribution of living and fossil species tell us how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors. The Age of Earth and Fossils 1. What were the two potential difficulties for Darwin’s theory? Age of earth and gaps in fossil record. 2. Radioactive dating indicates that earth is about _4.5 billion_______________ years old. 3. Paleontologists have discovered hundreds of fossils that document ___intermediate_________ stages in evolution. 4. Refer to Figure 16-13. The fossil record indicates that today’s modern whales evolved from a four legged wolf-like ancestor. What body part was documented in the intermediate fossils? Hind Limb 5. What bone in modern whales suggests this evolutionary path? Pelvic Bone Comparing Anatomy and Embryology 1. What is a homologous structure? Structures that are shared by related species and have been inherited from a common ancestor. 2. Refer to Figure 16-14. What homologous structure is shared between the frog, alligator, chicken, and horse? Front Limb 3. What is the common ancestor of these animals? Ancient, lobe finned fish 4. What is an analogous structure? Body parts that share common function but not structure 5. What is an example of an analogous structure? Bee Wing & Bird Wing 6. What is a vestigial structure? A body part inherited from an ancestor that has lost function. 7. What vestigial structure can be found in dolphins? Hip bone 8. Similar patterns in embryological development provide further evidence that organism ________________________ __ have descended from a common ancestor ____________________________________________. Genetics and Molecular Biology 1. Darwin had no idea how _heredity________ worked. 2. At the molecular level, the universal ____genetic__ ___code________ and homologous __molecules_____ provide evidence of common descent. 3. We now understand how ___mutation____ and the reshuffling of __genes___ during sexual reproduction produce the heritable variation on which natural selection operates. Analyzing Data: Comparison of the Homologous Hoxc8 Gene in Mouse, Baleen Whale, and Chicken Read the Analyzing Data section and answer the questions 1-3 in the spaces below. 1. What % of the nucleotides in the baleen whale’s DNA are different from those of the mouse? (4/40)x100= 10% 2. What % of the nucleotides in the chicken are different from those of the mouse? (8/40)x100= 20% 3. Do you think a mouse is more closely related to a baleen whale or to a chicken? baleen whale (mammal) Testing Natural Selection 1. Refer to Figure 16-17. In the chart below, identify the food source and shape of beak for the finch species. Finch Species Food Source Beak Shape Platyspiza vegetarian; bark from woody plants grip and hold; like pliers Certhidea small, exposed insects straight, narrow; needle nosed pliers Pinaroloxias insects, fruit, and nectar curved, probing beak; needle nosed pliers Geospiza large, thick seeds thick, strong, sharp; wire cutters 2. Refer to Figure 16-18. What trend did Peter and Rosemary Grant’s data show? Birds with longer beaks had a higher survival rate. 3. The questions that remain regarding evolution are about _____how evolution works______________________, not ________whether evolution occurs_________________________________.
