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NAME; SALAMIS RHEMA AYIMO DEPARTMENT; PEACE AND CONFLICT COLLEGE; SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE COURSE; GST115 Assignment a 1. Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are physical devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data in a computer network. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment. 2. Examples of connectivity/ network hardware; Server A server, simply put, is a networked computer that offers up some kind of service to other computers on the network. These systems are typically identical to your average workstation except they may contain more memory, a faster processor, and larger hard drives. For software, they need to run some form of network operating system (NOS) that provides connectivity for many users. While a workstation only needs to interface with one user at a time, a server may be expected to take care of multiple users and offer up multiple services. Workstation A workstation is simply a regular desktop system outfitted with a network card. The system will contain a central processor unit (CPU), memory, and usually a hard drive. The hardware allows the system to run programs across the network or off of the local drive as required. Except for the network card, these systems can be identical to the computers purchased for home use. CSU/DSU A CSU/DSU is a device that combines the functionality of a channel service unit (CSU) and a data service unit (DSU). These devices are used to connect a LAN to a WAN, and they take care of all the translation required to convert a data stream between these two methods of communication. Figure 4.26 shows a 56K leased-line DSU. The indicator lights on the front of the unit let you monitor its operational status. DSU A DSU provides all the handshaking and error correction required to maintain a connection across a wide area link. In this aspect it is similar to a modem or codex in functionality. The DSU will accept a serial data stream from a device on the LAN and translate this into a useable data stream for the digital WAN network. For example, if the WAN link is a T1 connection, the DSU would break the information up into a time division format acceptable for use on this circuit. It would also take care of converting any inbound data streams from the WAN back to a serial communication. CSU A CSU is similar to a DSU except it does not have the ability to provide handshaking or error correction. It is strictly an interface between the LAN and the WAN and relies on some other device to provide handshaking and error correction. The network device of choice to combine with a CSU is a router. While it is possible to use a bridge or a switch with these devices, a router is more appropriate as it is better able to isolate traffic and keep unwanted packets from traversing the WAN. Because bandwidth is at a premium over a wide area link, the more unnecessary traffic that can be kept off it the better. The combination of a CSU with a router has become so common that there is currently a trend to incorporate the functionality of the CSU directly into the router itself. CSU/DSUs differ in the type of wide area links and amount of bandwidth they will support. If you currently have a digital leased line and you're thinking of upgrading to a full T1, expect to replace this hardware. Modem While most people are familiar with modems, they are worth a brief mention here. The modem is a device used for converting a digital signal into an analog transmission that is capable of traversing plain old telephone lines (POTS). There are two separate measurement terms used when describing modems, bit and baud. A bit is simply a single digital pulse or transmission. With POTS communications these pulses are in the form of tones. The term bit is used to refer to the amount of digital information the device is capable of converting into an analog signal, such as 28800 bits per second (bps). Firewalls Entire books can and have been dedicated to the discussion of firewall technology. While we obviously cannot cover firewalls at that level of detail, it will be helpful to have a basic understanding of their functionality. Firewalls are similar to other network devices in that their purpose is to control the flow of traffic. Unlike other network devices, however, a firewall must control this traffic, taking into account that not all the frames it sees are what they appear to be. Switch Routers Switch routers are fairly new to the networking world. These devices provide all the functionality of a switch and include some of the benefits of a router when VLANs are implemented. As discussed, switches are protocol-stupid. When a VLAN is created it restricts all communications to within itself. There is no way to tell a VLAN to react differently depending on protocol. Segmentation is done by port selection or by analyzing the system's MAC address. Routers A router is a multi-port device that makes decisions on how to handle a frame, based on protocol and network address. To truly understand what this means we must first look at what a protocol is and how it works. Up until now we've been happily communicating using the media access control address assigned to our networking devices. Our systems have used this number to contact other systems and transmit information as required. The problem with this scheme is that it does not scale very well. For example, what if I have 2,000 systems that need to communicate with each other? Even by employing switching and virtual networking I will eventually reach a point where network performance will degrade and no more systems can be added. This is where protocols come in. Protocols A protocol is a set of communication rules that provide the means for networking systems to be grouped by geographical area and common wiring. To indicate they are part of a specific group, each of these systems is assigned an identical protocol network address. Switches Switches are the marriage of hub and bridge technology. They resemble stackable hubs in appearance, having multiple RJ-45 connectors for connecting network systems. Instead of being a dumb amplifier like a hub, however, switches function as though they have a little miniature bridge built into each port. A switch will keep track of the MAC addresses attached to each of its ports and direct traffic destined for a certain address only to the port to which it is attached. Bridges A bridge looks a lot like a repeater; it is a small box with two network connectors that attach to two separate portions of the network. A bridge incorporates the functionality of a repeater (signal amplification), but it actually looks at the frames of data, which is a great benefit. A common bridge is nearly identical to a repeater except for the indicator lights. A forward light flashes whenever the bridge needs to pass traffic from one collision domain to another. PC Card Connection PC card connections are pretty common these days and are typically used for connecting a laptop to a network. These cards are about the size of a credit card and only three or four times thicker. The card slides into a PC card slot on the computer and usually has some type of special cable that allows the card to connect to standard network wiring. The upside to PC cards is increased performance. The average user will not notice a performance difference between a PC slot network card and one that plugs directly into the bus. A PC card is the preferred method of connecting a laptop to a network when possible. One major drawback of PC cards is configuration. If you're using a plug-and-play computer and operating system, then set-up is usually pretty easy (it's almost plug-and-play). If you are using a non plug-and-play operating system like DOS, then the configuration can be a real nightmare for even a seasoned PC support specialist. Most such systems require about a half dozen drivers to be loaded prior to loading the network drivers. Even if you are successful in configuring the system and are able to log in to the network, there is no guarantee you will still have enough conventional memory left on your system to actually run any of your programs. Figure 4.3 shows a PCIM/CIA or PC card network adapter. Note the special cable used to connect this card to a standard RJ-45 connector. ASSIGMENT B 1)Ios7.0 os 2) i) messages ii) notes iii) snapchat iv) videos v) musically vi) wattpad vii) xender viii) phone ix) twitter ASSIGMENT C 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIX AND LINUX; Difference between UNIX and LINUX: • The UNIX operating system is used in internet servers and workstations while LINUX is mostly used on personal computers. • The UNIX operating system was developed at Bell labs while LINUX operating system is made by LINUX Torvalds. • The LINUX operating system is based on the kernel of UNIX operating system. • Although both the operating systems are open source but UNIX is relatively closed one as compared to LINUX. Linux is an open source, free to use operating system widely used for computer hardware and software, game development, tablet PCS, mainframes etc. UNIX is an operating system commonly used in internet servers, workstations and PCs by Solaris, Intel, and HP etc. Mostly, Linux is considered to be a copy of UNIX. Let’s hear the actual story now. Linux was actually a late addition to the family. It was written by Linus Torvalds back in 1991 and it was meant for IBM computers. As a matter of fact, in the world of operating systems, Linux has come up as a great operating system and it is welcomed with huge popularity. Commercial enterprise servers are running on Linux. Another cherry on the cake, Laptop and PC companies are also providing GNU Linux as a pre-installed OS on their systems so that individual users can also get a bite of it. An extensive brain storming confusion is if Linux a kernel or Operating System. After some time, people just start ignoring this doubt as it never gets answered; well keep reading for the solution. What Linus Torvalds wrote was Linux kernel and it had a lot of features similar to UNIX one. Why it is confused with OS, actually commercially available distributions that provide graphical interface, compilers and other utilities along with Linux kernel are referred to as Linux Operating System. Linux is, as they say, a UNIX-like kernel, because it has ‘some’ common feature Linux Unix Different flavors of Unix have different cost structures according to Cost Linux can be freely distributed, vendors downloaded freely, distributed through magazines, Books etc. There are priced versions for Linux also, but they are normally cheaper than Windows. Developme Linux is nt and developed by Distributio Open Source Unix systems are divided into various other flavors, mostly developed by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. Linux Unix n development i.e. through sharing and collaboration of code and features through forums etc and it is distributed by various vendors. Manufactu Linux kernel is rer developed by the community. Linus Torvalds oversees things. User Everyone. From home users to developers and computer enthusiasts alike. Usage Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Three biggest distributions are Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HPUX Hewlett Packard. And Apple Makes OSX and Unix based os. Unix operating systems were developed mainly for mainframes, servers and workstations except OSX, Which is designed for everyone. The Unix environment and the client-server program model were essential elements in the development of the Internet The UNIX operating system is used in internet servers, workstations & PCs. Backbone of the majority of finance infrastructure and many 24x365 high availability solutions. File system Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs format Linux Unix support Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS Text mode BASH (Bourne interface Again SHell) is the Linux default shell. It can support multiple command interpreters. Originally the Bourne Shell. Now it's compatible with many others including BASH, Korn & C. What is it? Linux is an example of Open Source software development and Free Operating System (OS). Unix is an operating system that is very popular in universities, companies, big enterprises etc. Initially Unix was a command based OS, but later a GUI was GUI Linux typically provides two created called Common Desktop Environment. Most distributions GUIs, KDE and now ship with Gnome. Gnome. But there are millions of alternatives such as LXDE, Xfce, Unity, Mate, twm, ect. Price Free but support is available for a price. Security Linux has had about 60-100 Some free for development use (Solaris) but support is available for a price. A rough estimate of UNIX viruses is between 85 -120 viruses reported till date. Linux Unix viruses listed till date. None of them actively is spreading nowadays. Threat detection and solution In case of Linux, Because of the proprietary nature of the original Unix, users have to threat detection wait for a while, to get the proper bug fixing patch. But these are not and solution is as common. very fast, as Linux is mainly community driven and whenever any Linux user posts any kind of threat, several developers start working on it from different parts of the world Processors Dozens of different kinds. x86/x64, Sparc, Power, Itanium, PA-RISC, PowerPC and many others. Examples Ubuntu, Fedora, OS X, Solaris, All Linux Red Hat, Debian, Archlinux, Android etc. Is available on PA-RISC and Itanium machines. Solaris also Architectu Originally available for x86/x64 based systems.OSX is PowerPC(10.0res developed for Intel's x86 10.5)/x86(10.4)/x64(10.5-10.8) hardware, ports available for over Linux Unix two dozen CPU types including ARM Inspired by by MINIX In it was developed In by 1969, a group of AT&T employees at Bell (a 1969, Unix-like system) it was developed by a group of Inception Inspired MINIX (a UnixLabs and Dennis Ritchie. It was written in “C” language and was and eventually after adding many features AT&T employees at Bell Labs and Dennis likeGUI, system) andetc,designed toTorvalds be a portable, multi-tasking multi-user in aand of Drivers and Linus Ritchie. It wasand written in “C”system language developed the framework of the OS that was designed to be a portable, multi-tasking time-sharing configuration. eventually after became LINUX in 1992. The LINUX and multi-user system in a time-sharing adding many kernel was released on 17th September, configuration. features of GUI, 1991 September, 1991 Above, is a detailed documentation on the differences between UNIX and Linux. 2. All versions of MacOs and Linux up until 2016 Mac os Version 10.0 (march 24 2001) Version 10.1(September 21 2001) Version 10.2(august 23 2002) Version 10.3(October 23 2003) Version 10.4(April 29 2005) Version 10.5 (august 26 2007) Version 10.6(august 28 2009) Version 10.7(July 20 2011) Version 10.8(July 25 2012) Version 10.9(October 22 2013) Version 10.10(October 16 2014) Version 10.11(June 8 2015) Version 10.12(June 13 2016) linux Android Arch Linus Debian GNU/Linus Genoa Linux Kubuntu Madriva linux Pclinux os Linux for playstation 2 Red hat linux Sabayon linux Slackware SUSE linus Ubuntu