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Unix is a multitasking, multi-user operating system originally developed in 1969 by a
group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie,
and Brian Kernighan. The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly
language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its
further development and porting to other hardware. Today's Unix system evolution is
split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various
commercial vendors, universities and non-profit organizations.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led
to large-scale adoption of Unix by commercial startups, the most notable of which are
Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX, as well as Darwin, which forms the core set of components
upon which Apple's Mac OS X and iOS are based. Today, in addition to certified Unix
systems such as those already mentioned, Unix-like operating systems such as MINIX,
Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD are commonly encountered.
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free
and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of
Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5 October 1991
by Linus Torvalds.
Linux is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as
mainframe computers and supercomputers: more than 90% of today's 500 fastest
supercomputers run some variant of Linux, including the 10 fastest. Linux also runs
on embedded systems such as mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers,
televisions and video game consoles; the Android system in wide use on mobile
devices is built on the Linux kernel.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open
source software collaboration: the underlying source code may be used, modified, and
distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under licenses such as
the GNU General Public License.
Most Linux distributions support dozens of programming languages. The original
development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system
programs are found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler
Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system. Amongst others, GCC provides
compilers for Ada, C, C++, Java, and Fortran.
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1.
With reference to the directory structure, write a Linux command to complete
each of the following tasks. Assume you are working in the directory “form4”.
form4
quiz
quiz1.doc
q1.c
q2.c
exam
exam.doc
program
q1.c
q2.c
index.htm
homework
assign1
p1.c
p2.c
assign2
p1.c
p2.c
p3.c
(a) Make a subdirectory “computer” in the working directory.
(1 mark)
(b) Rename the file “index.htm” as “start.htm” in the working directory.
(1 mark)
(c) Change to the subdirectory “assign1”.
(1 mark)
(d) Suppose you are working in the folder “assign1”. Copy the file “p1.c” to
“p3.c” in the current folder.
(1 mark)
(e) Suppose you are working in the folder “assign1”. Change to the directory
“program”.
(1 mark)
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