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NAME; SALAMIS RHEMA AYIMO
DEPARTMENT; PEACE AND CONFLICT
COLLEGE; SOCIAL AND
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
COURSE; GST115
Assignment a
1.
Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer
networking devices, are physical devices which are required for communication and
interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data in a
computer network. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or
data terminal equipment.
2.
Examples of connectivity/ network hardware;
 Server
A server, simply put, is a networked computer that offers up some kind of service to other
computers on the network. These systems are typically identical to your average
workstation except they may contain more memory, a faster processor, and larger hard
drives. For software, they need to run some form of network operating system (NOS) that
provides connectivity for many users. While a workstation only needs to interface with
one user at a time, a server may be expected to take care of multiple users and offer up
multiple services.
 Workstation
A workstation is simply a regular desktop system outfitted with a network card. The system will
contain a central processor unit (CPU), memory, and usually a hard drive. The hardware allows
the system to run programs across the network or off of the local drive as required. Except for
the network card, these systems can be identical to the computers purchased for home use.
 CSU/DSU
A CSU/DSU is a device that combines the functionality of a channel service unit (CSU) and a
data service unit (DSU). These devices are used to connect a LAN to a WAN, and they take care
of all the translation required to convert a data stream between these two methods of
communication. Figure 4.26 shows a 56K leased-line DSU. The indicator lights on the front of
the unit let you monitor its operational status.
DSU
A DSU provides all the handshaking and error correction required to maintain a connection
across a wide area link. In this aspect it is similar to a modem or codex in functionality. The
DSU will accept a serial data stream from a device on the LAN and translate this into a useable
data stream for the digital WAN network. For example, if the WAN link is a T1 connection, the
DSU would break the information up into a time division format acceptable for use on this
circuit. It would also take care of converting any inbound data streams from the WAN back to a
serial communication.
CSU
A CSU is similar to a DSU except it does not have the ability to provide handshaking or error
correction. It is strictly an interface between the LAN and the WAN and relies on some other
device to provide handshaking and error correction.
The network device of choice to combine with a CSU is a router. While it is possible to use a
bridge or a switch with these devices, a router is more appropriate as it is better able to isolate
traffic and keep unwanted packets from traversing the WAN. Because bandwidth is at a premium
over a wide area link, the more unnecessary traffic that can be kept off it the better. The
combination of a CSU with a router has become so common that there is currently a trend to
incorporate the functionality of the CSU directly into the router itself.
CSU/DSUs differ in the type of wide area links and amount of bandwidth they will support. If
you currently have a digital leased line and you're thinking of upgrading to a full T1, expect to
replace this hardware.
 Modem
While most people are familiar with modems, they are worth a brief mention here. The modem is
a device used for converting a digital signal into an analog transmission that is capable of
traversing plain old telephone lines (POTS).
There are two separate measurement terms used when describing modems, bit and baud. A bit is
simply a single digital pulse or transmission. With POTS communications these pulses are in the
form of tones. The term bit is used to refer to the amount of digital information the device is
capable of converting into an analog signal, such as 28800 bits per second (bps).
 Firewalls
Entire books can and have been dedicated to the discussion of firewall technology. While we
obviously cannot cover firewalls at that level of detail, it will be helpful to have a basic
understanding of their functionality.
Firewalls are similar to other network devices in that their purpose is to control the flow of
traffic. Unlike other network devices, however, a firewall must control this traffic, taking into
account that not all the frames it sees are what they appear to be.
 Switch Routers
Switch routers are fairly new to the networking world. These devices provide all the
functionality of a switch and include some of the benefits of a router when VLANs are
implemented.
As discussed, switches are protocol-stupid. When a VLAN is created it restricts all
communications to within itself. There is no way to tell a VLAN to react differently depending
on protocol. Segmentation is done by port selection or by analyzing the system's MAC address.
 Routers
A router is a multi-port device that makes decisions on how to handle a frame, based on protocol
and network address. To truly understand what this means we must first look at what a protocol
is and how it works.
Up until now we've been happily communicating using the media access control address
assigned to our networking devices. Our systems have used this number to contact other systems
and transmit information as required.
The problem with this scheme is that it does not scale very well. For example, what if I have
2,000 systems that need to communicate with each other? Even by employing switching and
virtual networking I will eventually reach a point where network performance will degrade and
no more systems can be added. This is where protocols come in.
Protocols
A protocol is a set of communication rules that provide the means for networking systems to be
grouped by geographical area and common wiring. To indicate they are part of a specific group,
each of these systems is assigned an identical protocol network address.
 Switches
Switches are the marriage of hub and bridge technology. They resemble stackable hubs in
appearance, having multiple RJ-45 connectors for connecting network systems. Instead of being
a dumb amplifier like a hub, however, switches function as though they have a little miniature
bridge built into each port. A switch will keep track of the MAC addresses attached to each of its
ports and direct traffic destined for a certain address only to the port to which it is attached.
 Bridges
A bridge looks a lot like a repeater; it is a small box with two network connectors that attach to
two separate portions of the network. A bridge incorporates the functionality of a repeater (signal
amplification), but it actually looks at the frames of data, which is a great benefit. A common
bridge is nearly identical to a repeater except for the indicator lights. A forward light flashes
whenever the bridge needs to pass traffic from one collision domain to another.
 PC Card Connection
PC card connections are pretty common these days and are typically used for connecting a laptop
to a network. These cards are about the size of a credit card and only three or four times thicker.
The card slides into a PC card slot on the computer and usually has some type of special cable
that allows the card to connect to standard network wiring.
The upside to PC cards is increased performance. The average user will not notice a performance
difference between a PC slot network card and one that plugs directly into the bus. A PC card is
the preferred method of connecting a laptop to a network when possible.
One major drawback of PC cards is configuration. If you're using a plug-and-play computer and
operating system, then set-up is usually pretty easy (it's almost plug-and-play). If you are using a
non plug-and-play operating system like DOS, then the configuration can be a real nightmare for
even a seasoned PC support specialist. Most such systems require about a half dozen drivers to
be loaded prior to loading the network drivers. Even if you are successful in configuring the
system and are able to log in to the network, there is no guarantee you will still have enough
conventional memory left on your system to actually run any of your programs. Figure 4.3 shows
a PCIM/CIA or PC card network adapter. Note the special cable used to connect this card to a
standard RJ-45 connector.
ASSIGMENT B
1)Ios7.0 os
2) i) messages
ii) notes
iii) snapchat
iv) videos
v) musically
vi) wattpad
vii) xender
viii) phone
ix) twitter
ASSIGMENT C
1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIX AND LINUX;
Difference between UNIX and LINUX:
• The UNIX operating system is used in internet servers and workstations while LINUX
is mostly used on personal computers.
• The UNIX operating system was developed at Bell labs while LINUX operating system
is made by LINUX Torvalds.
• The LINUX operating system is based on the kernel of UNIX operating system.
• Although both the operating systems are open source but UNIX is relatively closed
one as compared to LINUX.
Linux is an open source, free to use operating system widely used for computer hardware and
software, game development, tablet PCS, mainframes etc. UNIX is an operating system
commonly used in internet servers, workstations and PCs by Solaris, Intel, and HP etc.
Mostly, Linux is considered to be a copy of UNIX. Let’s hear the actual story now. Linux was
actually a late addition to the family. It was written by Linus Torvalds back in 1991 and it was
meant for IBM computers. As a matter of fact, in the world of operating systems, Linux has
come up as a great operating system and it is welcomed with huge popularity. Commercial
enterprise servers are running on Linux. Another cherry on the cake, Laptop and PC companies
are also providing GNU Linux as a pre-installed OS on their systems so that individual users can
also get a bite of it.
An extensive brain storming confusion is if Linux a kernel or Operating System. After some
time, people just start ignoring this doubt as it never gets answered; well keep reading for the
solution. What Linus Torvalds wrote was Linux kernel and it had a lot of features similar to
UNIX one. Why it is confused with OS, actually commercially available distributions that
provide graphical interface, compilers and other utilities along with Linux kernel are referred to
as Linux Operating System.
Linux is, as they say, a UNIX-like kernel, because it has ‘some’ common feature
Linux
Unix
Different flavors of Unix have different cost structures according to
Cost Linux can be
freely distributed, vendors
downloaded
freely, distributed
through
magazines,
Books etc. There
are priced
versions for
Linux also, but
they are normally
cheaper than
Windows.
Developme Linux is
nt and developed by
Distributio Open Source
Unix systems are divided into various other flavors, mostly
developed by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and
non-profit organizations.
Linux
Unix
n development i.e.
through sharing
and collaboration
of code and
features through
forums etc and it
is distributed by
various vendors.
Manufactu Linux kernel is
rer developed by the
community.
Linus Torvalds
oversees things.
User Everyone. From
home users to
developers and
computer
enthusiasts alike.
Usage Linux can be
installed on a
wide variety of
computer
hardware,
ranging from
mobile phones,
tablet computers
and video game
consoles, to
mainframes and
supercomputers.
Three biggest distributions are Solaris (Oracle), AIX (IBM) & HPUX Hewlett Packard. And Apple Makes OSX and Unix based os.
Unix operating systems were developed mainly for mainframes,
servers and workstations except OSX, Which is designed for
everyone. The Unix environment and the client-server program
model were essential elements in the development of the Internet
The UNIX operating system is used in internet servers, workstations
& PCs. Backbone of the majority of finance infrastructure and many
24x365 high availability solutions.
File system Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, jfs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs format
Linux
Unix
support Jfs, ReiserFS,
Xfs, Btrfs, FAT,
FAT32, NTFS
Text mode BASH (Bourne
interface Again SHell) is
the Linux default
shell. It can
support multiple
command
interpreters.
Originally the Bourne Shell. Now it's compatible with many others
including BASH, Korn & C.
What is it? Linux is an
example of Open
Source software
development and
Free Operating
System (OS).
Unix is an operating system that is very popular in universities,
companies, big enterprises etc.
Initially Unix was a command based OS, but later a GUI was
GUI Linux typically
provides two
created called Common Desktop Environment. Most distributions
GUIs, KDE and now ship with Gnome.
Gnome. But there
are millions of
alternatives such
as LXDE, Xfce,
Unity, Mate,
twm, ect.
Price Free but support
is available for a
price.
Security Linux has had
about 60-100
Some free for development use (Solaris) but support is available for
a price.
A rough estimate of UNIX viruses is between 85 -120 viruses
reported till date.
Linux
Unix
viruses listed till
date. None of
them actively is
spreading
nowadays.
Threat
detection
and
solution
In case of Linux, Because of the proprietary nature of the original Unix, users have to
threat detection
wait for a while, to get the proper bug fixing patch. But these are not
and solution is
as common.
very fast, as
Linux is mainly
community
driven and
whenever any
Linux user posts
any kind of
threat, several
developers start
working on it
from different
parts of the world
Processors Dozens of
different kinds.
x86/x64, Sparc, Power, Itanium, PA-RISC, PowerPC and many
others.
Examples Ubuntu, Fedora, OS X, Solaris, All Linux
Red Hat, Debian,
Archlinux,
Android etc.
Is available on PA-RISC and Itanium machines. Solaris also
Architectu Originally
available for x86/x64 based systems.OSX is PowerPC(10.0res developed for
Intel's x86
10.5)/x86(10.4)/x64(10.5-10.8)
hardware, ports
available for over
Linux
Unix
two dozen CPU
types including
ARM
Inspired by
by MINIX In
it was
developed In
by 1969,
a group
of AT&T
employees
at Bell
(a 1969,
Unix-like
system)
it was
developed
by a group
of
Inception Inspired
MINIX
(a
UnixLabs
and
Dennis
Ritchie.
It
was
written
in
“C”
language
and
was
and eventually after adding many features
AT&T employees at Bell Labs and Dennis
likeGUI,
system)
andetc,designed
toTorvalds
be a portable, multi-tasking
multi-user
in aand
of
Drivers
and Linus
Ritchie. It wasand
written
in “C”system
language
developed
the
framework
of
the
OS
that
was
designed
to
be
a
portable,
multi-tasking
time-sharing configuration.
eventually after
became
LINUX
in
1992.
The LINUX
and multi-user system in a time-sharing
adding many
kernel
was
released
on
17th
September,
configuration.
features of GUI,
1991
September, 1991
Above, is a detailed documentation on the differences between UNIX and Linux.
2. All versions of MacOs and Linux up until 2016
Mac os
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Version 10.0 (march 24 2001)
Version 10.1(September 21 2001)
Version 10.2(august 23 2002)
Version 10.3(October 23 2003)
Version 10.4(April 29 2005)
Version 10.5 (august 26 2007)
Version 10.6(august 28 2009)
Version 10.7(July 20 2011)
Version 10.8(July 25 2012)
Version 10.9(October 22 2013)
Version 10.10(October 16 2014)
Version 10.11(June 8 2015)
Version 10.12(June 13 2016)
linux
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Android
Arch Linus
Debian GNU/Linus
Genoa Linux
Kubuntu
Madriva linux
Pclinux os
Linux for playstation 2
Red hat linux
Sabayon linux
Slackware
SUSE linus
Ubuntu