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Review 10 ••How does one know if natural selection is occurring?•• POPULATION GENETICS--the study of the genetics of entire populations, not just family lines (Mendelian genetics) e.g. distribution of phenotypes within a population frequency of occurrence of alleles within a population Hardy-Weinberg equation: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p+q=1 p = frequency of one allele q = frequency of the other allele • if know p and/or q, can predict frequency of occurrence of various phenotypes within the population by plugging numbers into the equation • if know frequency of occurrence of phenotypes (esp. homozygous recessive), can compute frequencies of alleles (p and q) as follows: Models for origins of the universe, life and diversity. Evolution: accumulation of adaptive change over time resulting in formation of new species. Microevolution = accumulation of small adaptive changes Macroevolution = formation of new species (speciation) Phyletic speciation: accumulation of change within a lineage over time Look in fossil record for series of changes over time Allopatric speciation: separation of sub-populations with accumulation of different changes within different groups over time Look for common ancestors in fossil record What we find in the fossil record: long periods of little change punctuated by short periods of great change: Punctuated Equilibrium--long periods of stasis interrupted by rapid bursts of extinction and/or modification Review 10, con’t Summary of evolution model: time time time time random ---> structured ---> living ---> complex ---> present matter matter matter organisms diversity (big bang) (universe, etc.) (prok.) (euk.) **OCCURS AS RESULT OF NATURALISTIC FORCES OVER TIME** Creation (or Intelligent Design): creator nothing----->present diversity **OCCURS AS RESULT OF CREATIVE ACTS OF CREATOR (INTELLIGENT DESIGNER)** Science: deals with the tangible; that which can be seen, measured, heard, felt, smelled, etc. scientifically valid models are testable problem with creation science is that it’s not very testable! Both models: ✑ derive from similar bodies of information ✑ rely on elements of faith which haven’t yet been proven (evolution: eternal existence of matter and energy; creation: creator) ✑ make certain predictions (e.g. age of universe and earth, mutation rates, nature of fossil record) ✑ research on evolution model guided by present scientific understanding of observations of the world around us ✑ research on creation model often guided by attempts to disprove evolution model--not a good way to proceed Theistic Evolution: a valid middle ground?