Download chapter 7 projected notes

Chapter 7
Plate Tectonics
Table of Contents
Inside the Earth
Section 1 _________________________
Restless Continents
Section 2 _________________________
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Section 3 The
____________________________
the Earth’s Crust
Section 4 Deforming
____________________________
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Bellringer
If you journeyed to the center of the Earth, what do
you think you would observe along the way?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Learning Targets
I can:
Identify
•________________the
layers of the Earth by their
chemical composition.
Identify
•________________the
layers of the Earth by their
physical properties.
Describe
•________________a
tectonic plate.
Explain
•_________________how
scientists know about the
structure of Earth’s interior.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
The Composition of the Earth
• The Earth is divided into three layers—the
________________,
the______________,
and the
crust
mantle
_____________—based
on the compounds that
core
make up each layer.
• The _______________is
the outermost layer of the
Crust
Earth. The crust is 5 to 100 km thick, and is the
thinnest layer of the Earth.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
The Composition of the Earth, continued
• There are two types of crust—
continental
oceanic
___________________and_________________.
denser
Oceanic crust is thinner and ________________
than continental crust.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
The Composition of the Earth, continued
Mantle
• The ___________________is
the layer of the
Earth between the crust and the core. The mantle is
thicker
much _______________than
the crust and
mass
contains most of the Earth’s______________.
• The crust is too thick to drill through, so scientists
composition
must draw conclusions about the ______________
and other properties of the mantle from
observations
______________________made
on the Earth’s
surface.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
The Composition of the Earth, continued
• The ______________is
the central part of the
Core
Earth that lies below the mantle. The core makes
up about _________________of
Earth’s mass.
one-third
• Scientists think that the Earth’s core is made
iron
mostly of _____________and
contains smaller
amounts of nickel but almost no oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, or magnesium.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
The Physical Structure of the Earth
5
The Earth is divided into ________physical
layers:
lithosphere
• The_________________
outer core
• The______________
asthenosphere
• The_________________
inner core
• The______________
mesosphere
• The _________________
Each layer has its own set of physical properties.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Physical Structure of the Earth, continued
• The outermost, rigid layer of the Earth is called
lithosphere
the________________________.
• The lithosphere is made of two parts — the
______________
and the rigid upper part of
crust
the___________________.
mantle
• The lithosphere is divided into pieces that are
tectonic plates
called_____________________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Physical Structure of the Earth,
continued
asthenosphere
• The ______________________is
a plastic layer of
the mantle on which the tectonic plates move.
• The asthenosphere is made of solid rock that flows
very_________________.
(about as fast as a
slowly
fingernail grows)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Physical Structure of the Earth, continued
mesosphere
• The ______________________
is the strong, lower
part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and
the outer core.
“middle.”
• The prefix meso- means__________________
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Physical Structure of the Earth, continued
core
• The Earth’s ________________is
divided into two
parts.
liquid
outer core
• The ___________________is
the ______________
layer of the Earth’s core that lies beneath the mantle.
inner core
• The __________________
is the_______________,
solid
dense center of our planet that extends from the
bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth,
6,380
about ________________km
beneath the surface.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Mesosphere
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Outer core
Inner core
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Tectonic Plates
• Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top
of the asthenosphere are called
tectonic plates
_____________________________.
crust
• Tectonic plates consist of the _______________
and the rigid, outermost part of the______________.
mantle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Tectonic Plates, continued
•Each tectonic plate fits together with the tectonic
surround
plates that _____________________it.
jigsaw
• The lithosphere is like a _______________puzzle.
The tectonic plates are like the ________________
of the puzzle.
pieces
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Tectonic Plates, continued
• A Tectonic Plate Close-Up The following Visual
Concept presentation shows the Earth’s major
tectonic plates and how they fit together.
• The presentation also illustrates what a tectonic
plate might look like if you could lift it out of its place.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Tectonic Plates
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Tectonic Plates, continued
“float”
• Tectonic plates ________________
on the
asthenosphere. The plates cover the surface of
asthenosphere and they touch one
the______________________,
another and move around.
• The lithosphere displaces the asthenosphere.
Thick tectonic plates, such as those made of
______________________
crust, displace more
continental
asthenosphere than do thin plates, such as those
oceanic
made of ___________________
lithosphere.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Mapping the Earth’s Interior
• Scientists have learned much about the deepest
parts of the planet by measuring the speeds of the
seismic
___________________
waves that travel through
earthquakes
the Earth’s interior during_____________________
seismographs
• By using ________________________,scientists
have learned that the Earth is made of different
layers.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Seismographs and Mapping Earth’s Layers
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Bellringer
What is meant by the statement: “The United
States is moving westward”? _________________
________________________________________
From what you know about geology and plate
tectonics, explain if you believe this statement to
be true or false. __________________________
Emmanuel Leutze,
"Westward the Course of
Empire"(1861).
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Learning Targets
I can:
Describe
•_______________Wegener’s
hypothesis of continental
drift.
Explain
•_______________how
sea-floor spreading provides a
way for continents to move.
Describe
•_______________how
new oceanic lithosphere forms
at mid-ocean ridges.
Explain
•_______________how
magnetic reversals provide
evidence for sea-floor spreading.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis
Continental drift
•__________________________
is the hypothesis
that states that continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present
locations.
Alfred Wegener
• Scientist _______________________developed
the hypothesis in the early 1900s.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
The Breakup of Pangaea
• Wegener theorized that all of the present continents
were once joined in a single, huge continent he
Pangaea
called______________.
“all Earth.”
• Pangaea is Greek for____________________
245
• Pangaea existed about ___________
million years
ago.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Continental Drift
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Sea-Floor Spreading
• Evidence to support the continental drift hypothesis
sea-floor spreading
comes from___________________________.
sea-floor spreading is the process by
•__________________________
which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma
rises toward the surface and solidifies.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Sea-Floor Spreading, continued
• Mid-Ocean Ridges and Sea-Floor Spreading
Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain chains
that run through Earth’s ocean basins.
• These mid-ocean ridges are the places where
sea-floor spreading takes place.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Sea-Floor Spreading, continued
•Some of the most important evidence of sea-floor
magnetic reversals
spreading comes from ______________________
recorded in the ocean floor.
• Throughout Earth’s history, the ___________
and
north
_______________
magnetic poles have
south
_____________________places
many times.
changed
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Sea-Floor Spreading, continued
• Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor Spreading
Molten rock at the mid-ocean _____________
ridge
contains tiny grains of magnetic minerals that act
compasses
like______________________.
• These minerals _______________with
the magnetic
align
field of the Earth. When the molten rock___________,
cools
the record of these tiny compasses remains in the
rock.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Sea-Floor Spreading, continued
reverses
• When the Earth’s magnetic field _____________,
the magnetic mineral grains align in the
_________________
direction. The new rock
opposite
records the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field.
away from a
• As the sea floor spreads _____________
mid-ocean ridge, it carries with it a record of these
magnetic reversals.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Magnetic reversals
happen, on average,
every 250,000 years.
The last was 780,000
years ago.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor Spreading
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Bellringer
If the sea floor is spreading an average of 4 cm a
year, how many years did it take New York and the
northwest coast of Africa to reach their current
locations, 676,000,000 cm apart?
4 cm
1 yr.
676,000,000 cm
?
?=169,000,000 yrs.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Learning Targets
I can:
•__________________the
three types of tectonic plate
Describe
boundaries.
Describe
•__________________the
three forces thought to move
tectonic plates.
Explain
•__________________how
scientists measure the rate
at which tectonic plates move.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
• As scientists’ understanding of mid-ocean ridges
theory
and magnetic reversals grew, a ______________
was formed to explain how tectonic plates move.
Plate tectonics
•________________________is
the theory that
explains how large pieces of the Earth’s outermost
layer, called tectonic plates, move and change
shape.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued
boundary
• A _____________________is
a place where
tectonic plates touch. All tectonic plates share
boundaries with other _______________plates.
tectonic
• The type of boundary depends on how the tectonic
move
plates ______________
relative to one another.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued
3
There are ____________types
of tectonic plate
boundaries:
• Convergent Boundaries
• Divergent Boundaries
• Transform Boundaries
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued
• When two tectonic plates collide, the boundary
convergent boundary
between them is a__________________________.
• What happens at convergent boundaries depends
crust
on the kind of ________________at
the leading
edge of each tectonic plate.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued
• When two tectonic plates separate, the boundary
divergent boundary
between them is called a_____________________.
sea floor
• New _____________________
forms at divergent
boundaries.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued
• When two tectonic plates slide past each other
horizontally, the boundary between is called
a___________________________________.
transform boundary
San Andreas
• The ______________________
Fault in California
is an example of a transform boundary.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion
• What causes the motion of tectonic plates? This
movement occurs because of changes in the
density
________________
within the asthenosphere.
• The following Visual Concept presentation
examines ___________possible
driving forces of
3
tectonic plate motion. Convection, Ridge Push,
Slab Pull.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Tectonic Plates
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tracking Tectonic Plate Motion
slow
• Tectonic plate movements are so __________and
gradual that you can’t see or feel them. The
movement is measured in
centimeters
______________________
per year.
satellites
• Scientists use a system of _______________
called the _____________________________
global positioning system
(GPS) to measure the rate of tectonic plate
movement. (Uses radio waves)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Bellringer
Compare the mountains in the photographs. Write a
description of each mountain, and suggest how it might
have formed.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Mt. Everest
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
__________________________________________
Tetons
FOLDED
MOUNTAINS
FAULT-BLOCK
MOUNTAINS
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Learning Targets
I can:
Describe
•_______________two
types of stress that deform
rocks.
Describe
•_______________three
major types of folds.
Explain
•_______________the
differences between the three
major types of faults.
Identify
•_______________the
most common types of
mountains.
Explain
•_______________the
difference between uplift and
subsidence.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation
• Whether a material bends or breaks depends on
stress is applied to the
how much ______________
material.
Stress
•_______________
is the amount of force per unit
area on a given material.
• Different things happen to rock when different
stress
types of _______________
are applied.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation, continued
• The process by which the shape of a rock changes
because of stress is called____________________.
deformation
bend
• Rock layers _______________when
stress is
placed on them.
• When enough stress is placed on rocks, they can
break
reach their elastic limit and________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation, continued
• The type of stress that occurs when an object is
squeezed, such as when two tectonic plates collide, is
compression
called________________________.
• When compression occurs at a _________________
convergent
mountain
boundary, large ____________________
ranges can
Himalayas
form, like the____________________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Deformation, continued
•__________________is
stress that occurs when
Tension
forces act to stretch an object.
• Tension occurs at _____________________
plate
divergent
boundaries, such as _____________________
mid-ocean
away
ridges, when two tectonic plates pull __________
from each other.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Folding
• The bending of rock layers because of stress in the
folding
Earth’s crust is called__________________.
• Types of Folds Depending on how rock
deform
layers____________________,
different types of
folds are made.
• The major types of folds are__________________,
anticlines
synclines
monoclines
_________________,
and____________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Folding, continued
Anticlines
•_____________________are
upward-arching folds.
Synclines
•_____________________are
downward, troughlike
folds.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Folding, continued
monocline
• In a____________________,
rock layers are folded
so that both ends of the fold are horizontal.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting
break
• Some rock layers ________________when
stress
is applied. The surface along which rocks break and
slide past each other is called
fault
a___________________.
• The blocks of crust on each side of the fault are
fault blocks
called_________________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• When a fault is not vertical, its two sides are either
a __________________wall
or a_______________.
hanging
footwall
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• The type of fault depends on how the hanging wall
relationship each other.
and footwall move in ________________to
normal
•When a ____________
fault moves, it causes
the hanging wall to
move ____________
down
relative to the footwall.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
• When a ___________________fault
moves, it
reverse
causes the hanging wall to move ________relative
to
up
the footwall.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faulting, continued
strike-slip
• A third major type of fault is a ______________fault.
These faults form when opposing forces cause rock to
break and move_____________________.
horizontally
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building
• When tectonic plates ________________,
land
collide
features that start as folds and faults can eventually
mountain
become large ___________________ranges.
• When tectonic plates undergo ________________
compressions
or tension, they can form mountains in several ways.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Mountain Building, continued
Folded Mountains
•__________________________form
when rock
layers are squeezed together and pushed upward.
Fault-Block Mountains
•__________________________form
when large
blocks of the Earth’s crust drop down relative to other
blocks.
Volcanic Mountains
•__________________________form
when magma
rises to the Earth’s surface and erupts.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence
• Vertical movements in the crust are divided into two
Subsidence
types—_____________and___________________.
Uplift
Uplift
•_______________is
the rising of regions of the
Earth’s crust to higher elevations.
Subsidence
•_________________is
the sinking of regions of the
Earth’s crust to lower elevations.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence, continued
•______________
can occur when large areas of
Uplift
land rise without_______________________.
deforming
• One way areas rise without deforming is process
known as______________________.
When the
rebound
crust rebounds, it slowly ________________back
to
springs
its previous elevation.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence, continued
•Rocks that are hot take up more space than
____________________
rocks.
cooler
mid-ocean
• The lithosphere is relatively hot at ______________
farther
ridges, but cools as it moves _______________from
the ridge.
• As it cools, the oceanic lithosphere takes up less
____________________and
the ocean
volume
subsides
floor___________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Uplift and Subsidence, continued
•Subsidence can also occur when the lithosphere
stretched
becomes ____________________in
rift zones.
rift zone
• A ___________________is
a set of deep cracks
that forms between two tectonic plates that are
away
pulling ____________from
each other.
stress
• As tectonic plates pull apart, _______________
between the plates causes a series of faults to form
rift zone
along the____________________.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Plate Tectonics
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
transform boundaries
converge
tectonic plates
diverge
divergent boundaries
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Plate Tectonics
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Plate Tectonics
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
End of Chapter 7 Show
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the
questions that follow each passage.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 The Deep Sea Drilling Project was a
program to retrieve and research rocks below the
ocean to test the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading.
For 15 years, scientists studying sea-floor
spreading conducted research aboard the ship
Glomar Challenger. Holes were drilled in the sea
floor from the ship.
Continued on the next slide
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued Long, cylindrical lengths of rock,
called cores, were obtained from the drill holes. By
examining fossils in the cores, scientists discovered
that rock closest to mid-ocean ridges was the youngest.
The farther from the ridge the holes were drilled, the
older the rock in the cores was. This evidence
supported the idea that sea-floor spreading creates
new lithosphere at mid-ocean ridges.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does conducted mean?
A directed
B led
C carried on
D guided
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does conducted mean?
A directed
B led
C carried on
D guided
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Why were cores drilled in the sea floor from the
Glomar Challenger?
F to determine the depth of the crust
G to find minerals in the sea-floor rock
H to examine fossils in the sea-floor rock
I to find oil and gas in the sea-floor rock
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Why were cores drilled in the sea floor from the
Glomar Challenger?
F to determine the depth of the crust
G to find minerals in the sea-floor rock
H to examine fossils in the sea-floor rock
I to find oil and gas in the sea-floor rock
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A Rock closest to mid-ocean ridges is older than rock
at a distance from mid-ocean ridges.
B One purpose of scientific research on the Glomar
Challenger was to gather evidence for sea-floor
spreading.
C Fossils examined by scientists came directly from
the sea floor.
D Evidence gathered by scientists did not support
sea-floor spreading.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A Rock closest to mid-ocean ridges is older than rock
at a distance from mid-ocean ridges.
B One purpose of scientific research on the Glomar
Challenger was to gather evidence for sea-floor
spreading.
C Fossils examined by scientists came directly from
the sea floor.
D Evidence gathered by scientists did not support seafloor spreading.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 The Himalayas are a range of mountains
that is 2,400 km long and that arcs across Pakistan,
India, Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. The Himalayas
are the highest mountains on Earth. Nine mountains,
including Mount Everest, the highest mountain on
Earth, are more than 8,000 m tall.
Continued on the next slide
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued The formation of the Himalaya
Mountains began about 80 million years ago. A tectonic
plate carrying the Indian subcontinent collided with the
Eurasian plate. The Indian plate was driven beneath
the Eurasian plate. This collision caused the uplift of
the Eurasian plate and the formation of the Himalayas.
This process is continuing today.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does the word arcs mean?
A forms a circle
B forms a plane
C forms a curve
D forms a straight line
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does the word arcs mean?
A forms a circle
B forms a plane
C forms a curve
D forms a straight line
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, which geologic process
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
F divergence
G subsidence
H strike-slip faulting
I convergence
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, which geologic process
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
F divergence
G subsidence
H strike-slip faulting
I convergence
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A The nine tallest mountains on Earth are located
in the Himalaya Mountains.
B The Himalaya Mountains are located within six
countries.
C The Himalaya Mountains are the longest
mountain range on Earth.
D The Himalaya Mountains formed more than 80
million years ago.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements is a fact
according to the passage?
A The nine tallest mountains on Earth are located in
the Himalaya Mountains.
B The Himalaya Mountains are located within six
countries.
C The Himalaya Mountains are the longest mountain
range on Earth.
D The Himalaya Mountains formed more than 80
million years ago.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
This illustration shows the
relative velocities (in centimeters
per year) and directions in which
tectonic plates are separating
and colliding. Arrows that point
away from one another indicate
plate separation. Arrows that
point toward one another indicate
plate collision.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Between which two tectonic
plates does spreading appear to
be the fastest?
A the Australian and the Pacific
B the Antarctic and the Pacific
C the Nazca and the Pacific
D the Cocos and the Pacific
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Between which two tectonic
plates does spreading appear
to be the fastest?
A the Australian and the
Pacific
B the Antarctic and the Pacific
C the Nazca and the Pacific
D the Cocos and the Pacific
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Where do you think mountain
building is taking place?
F between the African and South
American plates
G between the Nazca and South
American plates
H between the North American
and Eurasian plates
I between the African and North
American plates
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Where do you think mountain
building is taking place?
F between the African and South
American plates
G between the Nazca and South
American plates
H between the North American
and Eurasian plates
I between the African and North
American plates
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The mesosphere is 2,550 km thick, and the
asthenosphere is 250 km thick. If you assume that the
lithosphere is 150 km thick and that the crust is 50 km
thick, how thick is the mantle?
A 2,950 km
B 2,900 km
C 2,800 km
D 2,550 km
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The mesosphere is 2,550 km thick, and the
asthenosphere is 250 km thick. If you assume that the
lithosphere is 150 km thick and that the crust is 50 km
thick, how thick is the mantle?
A 2,950 km
B 2,900 km
C 2,800 km
D 2,550 km
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. If a seismic wave travels through the mantle at an
average velocity of 8 km/s, how many seconds will the
wave take to travel through the mantle?
F 318.75 s
G 350.0 s
H 362.5 s
I 368.75 s
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. If a seismic wave travels through the mantle at an
average velocity of 8 km/s, how many seconds will the
wave take to travel through the mantle?
F 318.75 s
G 350.0 s
H 362.5 s
I 368.75 s
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. If the crust in a certain area is subsiding at the rate of
2 cm per year and has an elevation of 1,000 m, what
elevation will the crust have in 10,000 years?
A 500 m
B 800 m
C 1,200 m
D 2,000 m
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. If the crust in a certain area is subsiding at the rate of
2 cm per year and has an elevation of 1,000 m, what
elevation will the crust have in 10,000 years?
A 500 m
B 800 m
C 1,200 m
D 2,000 m
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A very small oceanic plate is located between a midocean ridge and a subduction zone. At the ridge, the
plate is growing at a rate of 5 km every 1 million years. At
the subduction zone, the plate is being destroyed at a
rate of 10 km every 1 million years. If the oceanic plate is
100 km across, how long will it take the plate to
disappear?
F 100 million years
G 50 million years
H 20 million years
I 5 million years
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A very small oceanic plate is located between a midocean ridge and a subduction zone. At the ridge, the
plate is growing at a rate of 5 km every 1 million years. At
the subduction zone, the plate is being destroyed at a
rate of 10 km every 1 million years. If the oceanic plate is
100 km across, how long will it take the plate to
disappear?
F 100 million years
G 50 million years
H 20 million years
I 5 million years
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 1 Inside the Earth
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 2 Restless Continents
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7
Section 3 The Theory
of Plate Tectonics
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.