Download AP European History Third Quarter Comprehensive Practice Exam

AP European History Third Quarter Comprehensive Practice
Exam
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
C
E
A
B
D
A
C
D
B
E
D
B
B
A
C
E
A
A
D
B
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21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
B
E
B
D
C
E
A
C
D
C
D
B
B
C
E
B
E
B
A
C
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41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
E
D
A
C
A
D
C
D
C
B
E
E
A
D
B
E
A
A
C
E
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
D
E
E
E
C
B
B
D
A
C
E
A
D
E
B
C
D
B
C
D
Diagnostic
Directions: The following breakdown may be useful for assessing areas of relative weakness
and strength for material between 1450 and 1930. There is some overlap as a few questions fit
into multiple categories.
Unit
Question Numbers
1.2 Renaissance
1, 6, 11, 50
1.3 Expansion: Commercial Revolution,
New Monarchs, Exploration
4, 8, 9, 12, 23
2.1 Reformation
2, 5, 7, 10
2.2 Religious Wars
13, 16, 17, 20,23
3.1/3.3 Absolutism
3, 15, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26
3.2 Constitutionalism
14, 24
4.1 Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment
27, 28, 29, 31, 32
4.2 Atlantic Trade/Mercantilism/18th
Century Society
9, 25, 29, 33
5 French Revolution and Napoleon
79, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42
6 Industrial Revolution
30, 39
7.1 1815-1848
40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, 75, 79
7.2 Urbanization & 19th c. Society
41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 58, 64, 80
8.1 Politics 1848-1914
39, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63
8.2 Imperialism
60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69
9.1 World War I/Russian Revolution
22, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76
9.2 Age of Anxiety/Interwar Period
62, 77, 78
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EXPLANATIONS
1. (C) Renaissance humanists believed in a liberal arts educational program that included
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics and moral philosophy. They believed that
humanistic education should prepare leaders to be active in civic affairs. Some of the most
important humanists were important political leaders such as Leonardo Bruni and Thomas
More. (Unit 1.2, pp. 4-5)
2. (E) Tomás de Torquemada oversaw the Spanish Inquisition in the late-fifteenth and earlysixteenth centuries. Therefore, he was not a victim of religious persecution. All of the other
answer choices were victims. Michael Servetus (A), a Spanish humanist, was burned at the
stake by Calvinists in Geneva for his criticism of religious matters there. John Hus (B) was
burned at the stake by Catholic officials in the early-fifteenth century for his criticism of the
Catholic Church. Thomas More (C) was executed by Henry VIII when he refused to take an
oath of loyalty to the Church of England. William Tyndale (D) was likewise executed
during the reign of Henry VIII for his illegal publication of an English translation of the
Bible. (Unit 1.3, p. 3; Unit 2.1, p. 2, 9, 10, 11 )
3. (A) Thomas Hobbes believed in absolutism as a means to provide order in society. He saw
human beings in a state of nature as selfish and violent and saw absolutism as the only
alternative to chaos. His book, Leviathan (1651) had an influence on the 18th century views
of Voltaire. Hobbes disagreed with the notion of “divine right” of kings and wrote that kings
should rule in the best interest of their people. (Unit 3.1, p. 2)
4. (B) Henry IV of France (Henry of Navarre) ruled France from 1589 to 1610 and began to
lay some early foundations for absolutism. He was far more powerful than the “new
monarchs” of the late-fifteenth and early-sixteenth centuries such as Louis IX and Francis I
of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
5. (D) Katerina von Bora was Martin Luther’s wife. Martin and Katerina saw marriage as
companionate, emphasizing the love relationship between man and wife. They believed sex
was an act to be enjoyed by a husband and wife—not just an act of procreation. This was a
view that contrasted sharply with contemporary Catholic views of sex as sinful and only for
the purpose of procreation. (Unit 2.1, p. 14)
6. (A) Northern Renaissance humanists, such as Erasmus and Thomas More, emphasized
moral reform of society and reform within the Catholic Church to a larger extent than
humanists in Italy. Northern humanists also studied more closely the early Greek and Latin
translations of the New Testament of the Bible. This is not to say that Italian humanists were
purely secular. In fact, most Italian humanists remained devout Christians within the Catholic
Church. (Unit 1.2, pp. 11-12)
7. (C) The Mennonites were descendents of the Anabaptists of the sixteenth century and
emphasized pacifism. All of the other answer choices were Calvinists. It is important to note
that Calvinists were known by different names in various countries: Dutch Reformed
Church in the Netherlands (A), Presbyterian Church in Scotland (B), Puritans in England
(D), and Huguenots in France (E). (Unit 2.1, pp. 8-10)
8. (D) Spain developed the encomienda system beginning in the sixteenth century to build
infrastructure in its Latin American colonies. Ironically, the system was intended to reduce
the exploitation of Amerindians. Nevertheless, Amerindians were often forced to work
against their will for such construction projects as Cathedrals, roads and public buildings. In
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many cases, Amerindians were allowed to retain other parcels of land to work for
themselves. (Unit 1.3, p. 11)
9. (B) Although numerous new foods were introduced to Europe as a result of the Columbian
exchange, corn and potatoes became fundamental staples for millions of people throughout
Europe. Both foods were high in vitamins and carbohydrates when compared to other staples
such as wheat, oats and barley. (Unit 1.3, p. 15; Unit 4.2, p. 7)
10. (E) Pope Paul III is one of the most important popes in the history of the Catholic church
for his role in leading the Catholic Reformation. His major goals were reforming the church
and challenging the growth of Protestantism during the mid-sixteenth century. Rather than
instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response
to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed. The landmark event of his
leadership was the Council of Trent. (Unit 2.1, p. 17)
11. (D) Machiavelli’s The Prince (1513) stands as the quintessential contemporary work on
Renaissance politics. Machiavelli observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of
Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control. In the Prince, he
states that politically, “the ends justifies the means.” He also wrote famously that for rulers,
“it was better to be feared than to be loved.” He believed rulers had to be practical and
cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless and elaborated that at times, rulers
should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning
and practical). The Prince continued to influence European rulers for centuries. (Unit 1.2, p.
3)
12. (B) The religious wars of the sixteenth and early-seventeenth century created a panic
environment in certain countries where alleged witches became convenient scapegoats for
the overall suffering of society. Leaders tried to gain the loyalty of their people by appearing
to protect them from witches. Answer (A) is incorrect because the scientific revolution
actually undermined the belief in witchcraft. Answer (C) is incorrect because humanists
mostly focused on ancient Greek and Roman writings. The belief in witches occurred in
Christian countries. Answer (D) is incorrect because medical advances that improved
longevity were still far off in the future. Finally, answer (E) is incorrect because the
overwhelming numbers of accused witches were women, many of them elderly. (Unit 1.3, p.
16)
13. (B) Catherine de Medicis was the wife of King Henry II of Valois in France. After the king
died in 1559, three of his sons succeeded to the throne over the next thirty years with
Catherine often pulling the strings of power as regent. The power struggle between the
Valois, Guise and Bourbon families resulted in the French Civil Wars that plagued France
in the late-sixteenth century. Perhaps the most notable action taken by Catherine was her
order in 1572 to execute thousands of French Huguenots—an episode known as the St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Eventually, the Valois family lost the throne with the
ascension of Henry IV Bourbon in 1589. (Unit 2.2, p. 3-4)
14. (A) The first two Stuart monarchs, James I and Charles I, were staunch believers in
“divine right” and each disbanded Parliament twice during his reign. The disagreements
between Charles I and Parliament led to the English Civil War in the 1640s. All of the other
answer choices are correct statements regarding the development of constitutionalism in
England. (Unit 3.2, pp. 2-4)
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15. (C) Unlike absolutism in France and Spain, which had succeeded in subjugating the nobility,
monarchs in eastern Europe were traditionally weaker and seen as “first among equals”
regarding their relative power to the nobility. Eastern European nobles dominated huge
estates within a predominately agricultural society and were not significantly impacted by the
power of the monarch. The institution of serfdom continued to grow in eastern Europe as
monarchs, in return for noble support, gave increased power over serfs to the nobility. (Unit
3.3, pp. 1-3)
16. (E) The Thirty Years’ War began in Bohemia in 1618 as a result of the “defenestration of
Prague.” Two Catholic officials were thrown out of a castle window by Czech Calvinists
who resisted the authority of the Holy Roman Empire in Bohemia. By the end of the war, the
Czech Calvinist nobility had been largely wiped out by the forces of the Holy Roman
Empire. (Unit 2.2, p. 5)
17. (A) Oliver Cromwell eventually disbanded Parliament and ran England as a Puritan
dictatorship until his death in 1658. Activities such as dancing, drinking of alcohol, and
gambling were prohibited. English society was so thoroughly worn out by Puritan attempts to
regulate society that they welcomed the return of the Stuart dynasty under Charles II in
1660. (Unit 2.2, p. 8)
18. (A) Frederick William I of Prussia (r. 1713-1740) was perhaps the most important
Hohenzollern in developing Prussian absolutism. While Frederick William “the Great
Elector” (r. 1640-1688) is often viewed as the “father” of modern Prussia, it was Frederick
William I who nearly a century later infused Prussian militarism into all of Prussian society.
Prussia became known in European circles as “Sparta of the North” and Prussian society
became rigid and highly disciplined with the most efficient bureaucracy in Europe. When his
son, Frederick II (“the Great”) became king in 1740, Prussia had the finest, though not the
largest, army in all of Europe. Answers (B) and (C) are incorrect because Leopold and
Charles VI were Austrian kings. Answers (D) and (E) are incorrect because Frederick
William IV and William I were nineteenth-century Prussian rulers in an age when absolutism
was largely fading from European politics. (Unit 3.3., p. 7)
19. (D) The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ended the War of Spanish Succession,
represented the end of Louis XIV’s attempts to expand French power in Europe. The treaty is
considered the most important in Europe since the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and before
the Treaty of Paris (1763). The balance of power principle resulted in an alliance against
France that included England, the Dutch Republic, the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia,
Portugal, and Savoy. Great Britain emerged as the biggest winner from the conflict by
gaining Spain’s asiento (Africa slave trade) and other territories. Austria gained the Spanish
Netherlands (present-day Belgium) which became known over the next century as the
Austrian Netherlands. (Unit 3.1, pp. 9-10)
20. (B) Philip II launched the Spanish Armada against England in 1588 in hopes of returning
England to Catholicism and removing Elizabeth I from power. Unfortunately for Philip, the
result was a huge victory for England and a demoralizing (although not fatal) defeat for the
Spanish Empire. The Battle of Lepanto (A) was a Spanish naval victory over the Turks in
the eastern Mediterranean during Philip II’s reign. The Battle of Borodino (C) was a partial
victory for Napoleon I during his invasion of Russia. The German Peasants’ War (D) was
begun by Lutheran peasants, not Catholics. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) ended
the dynastic war between France and the Holy Roman Empire—two Catholic entities.
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21. (B) Ivan III of Muscovy (1442-1505) ended Mongol rule in 1480 and put Muscovy on track
to become the powerful Russian state by the seventeenth century. In the 13th century, the
Mongols from Asia had invaded Muscovy and ruled ruthlessly for two hundred years. Ivan
III and later, Ivan IV (“the Terrible) (1533-1584) removed the Mongol influence from
Russia. Authoritarian Mongol rule, led by the Mongol khan, left a legacy of ruthless
leadership that would continue in Russia for centuries. (Unit 3.3, pp. 8-9)
22. (E) Several new countries were created after World War I as part of the spirit of Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points which emphasized “self-determination” for large ethnic
minorities in Europe. In addition to the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the new
states of Poland, Finland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia were created, as well as
reinforcing Albanian statehood (which had been achieved in 1913 but lost during the war).
(Unit 9.1, p. 4, 13)
23. (B) Both Francis I and Cardinal Richelieu were more concerned with safeguarding French
security on its eastern border with the Holy Roman Empire than in maintaining Catholic
uniformity in Europe. One of the cornerstones of French foreign policy in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries was keeping the Holy Roman Empire weak and divided. This resulted
in German unification being delayed until the late-nineteenth century. (Unit 2.2, p. 1, 5)
24. (D) Scotland had regained its independence after the death of Oliver Cromwell. While it
closely guarded its independence from England in subsequent decades, Scotland realized that
only through a union with England and its powerful global empire could it transform itself
into a viable modern state with a vigorous economy. The Act of Union (1707) thus created
the Anglo-Scottish union of Great Britain. (Unit 3.2, p. 11)
25. (C) Bullionism was a vital component of the mercantilist system developed by French
economic minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Under Colbert’s supervision, the French
economy of Louis XIV became the most powerful industrial economy in Europe.
Mercantilism emphasized a favorable balance of trade between a country and its competitors.
More specifically, bullionism sought to keep a country’s supply of hard money (gold and
silver) safely in its vaults rather than flowing towards a competitor’s treasury. This meant
that a country had to be self-sufficient so that it did not need to import foreign goods, while
at the same time exporting a large volume of goods so that gold and silver would flow into its
treasury. (Unit 3.1, pp. 7-8)
26. (E) Issued by King Louis XIV in 1685, the Edict of Fountainbleu revoked the Edict of
Nantes which had earlier (under Henry IV) granted religious toleration to French Calvinists
(Huguenots). Under Louis’ new edict, Huguenots lost their rights to religious freedom and
some 200,000 of them fled France to England, Holland, and the English colonies in North
America. Another group in France that also suffered religious persecution was the
Jansenists, Catholics who held some Calvinist views regarding predestination. (Unit 3.1, p.
7)
27. (A) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) of Denmark built the best astronomical observatory in Europe
and spent his life collecting massive data on the movement of planets, moons and stars.
Ironically, Brahe’s data confirmed Copernicus’ heliocentric theory, although Brahe himself
believed in Ptolemy’s geocentric theory of the universe. Brahe’s assistant was Johannes
Kepler who later developed his three laws of planetary motion utilizing Brahe’s data. (Unit
4.1, p. 3)
28. (C) The quote is attributed to Baron de Montesquieu who in 1748 wrote The Spirit of the
Laws where he theorized that a government with three branches of government—
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executive, legislative, and judicial—would serve as the most efficient form of government
through separation of powers. He favored Britain’s system of monarch, Parliament, and
independent courts. Montesquieu’s ideas had a profound impact on the creation of the
American Constitution where each of the three branches of government provided checks and
balances against the power of the other branches. (Unit 4.1, p. 10)
29. (D) France and Austria (led by the Hapsburgs) had been mortal enemies dating back to the
fifteenth century. France had fought repeatedly to keep the Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire
weak and divided. Therefore, a diplomatic revolution of sorts occurred in 1756 when
France and Austria became allies against Prussia and England. France feared Prussia’s
growing power under Frederick the Great and sought Austria as a check against Prussian
expansion. Meanwhile, England, who had been traditionally allied with Austria, now
supported Prussia with money (but with few troops). England now believed that Prussia
would be a better check on French power than Austria. The result was a flip-flop of alliances
since the earlier War of Austrian Succession. (Unit 4.1, p. 15)
30. (C) The railroad provided a means for peasants in the countryside to move to cities in search
of work during the industrial revolution. This is yet another example of how the industrial
revolution, and the accompanying transportation revolution, ultimately transformed European
society. (Unit 6. p. 8)
31. (C) Peter II (the Great) of Russia predated the Enlightened despots by at least a
generation. The Enlightenment was not in full swing during Peter’s reign (r. 1682-1725) but
came to its maximum influence by the mid-late eighteenth century, in time to influence
Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Napoleon I. (Unit 3.3, pp. 1012; Unit 4.1, pp. 16-21; Unit 5.2)
32. (B) In 1791, Thomas Paine had wrote a defense of the French Revolution—The Rights of
Man—as a response to Edmund Burke’s critical Reflections of the Revolution in France
(1790). Many of the political ideas in The Rights of Man were derived from the eighteenthcentury Enlightenment. (Unit 5.1, p. 13)
33. (B) The late-nineteenth century experienced a resurgence of interest in classical Rome and
Greece that led to the neo-classical style in the arts. The arch de triomphe, commissioned by
Napoleon, was modeled on the Arch of Titus in ancient Rome. Many government buildings
of this era were modeled on Greek and Roman designs (including many of the important
buildings in Washington, D.C.). Neo-Classicism is also evident in the paintings of JacquesLouis David, and in the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart. (Unit 5.2, pp. 6, 8)
34. (C) After the Parlement of Paris ruled in 1789 that voting in the Estates General would
proceed along traditional lines with each Estate voting separately, the Third Estate
strenuously objected. At this moment, Abbé Sieyès wrote the influential What is the Third
Estate? in which he claimed that the Third Estate should be the sovereign power in France.
His ideas influenced the Third Estate to declare itself the sovereign power in France during
the famous Tennis Court Oath on June 17, 1789. (Unit 5.1, pp. 7-8)
35. (E) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen provided a blueprint for what became
France’s constitutional monarchy under the Legislative Assembly. Louis XVI would remain
king but the legislative assembly would have the real power. France’s constitutional
monarchy was short-lived, however, when radicals in the National Convention created
French Republic in 1792 and abolished the monarchy. (Unit 5.1, pp. 10, 12)
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36. (B) The Girondins were a more moderate and rural faction of the Jacobin Club in the early
1790s. They were passionately committed to liberal revolution and they were eager to go to
war against both Prussia and Austria in order to save the Revolution in France. Eventually,
the Girondins were ousted by the even more radical Mountain under the leadership of
Robespierre, Danton, and Marat. (Unit 5.1, pp. 14-16)
37. (E) The Thermidorian Reaction (1794) ended the Reign of Terror under Robespierre and
saw the return of the bourgeoisie to power. The Committee of Public Safety was
significantly reduced in power and the Jacobin Club was closed down. The Thermidorian
Reaction paved the way for the assumption of power by the Directory that ruled France from
1795 to 1799. (Unit 5.1, p. 20)
38. (B) Napoleon’s conquest and dominance of numerous German states led to bitterness among
millions of Germans at being ruled by France. This resentment stoked German nationalism.
Napoleon furthered the cause of German nationalism by reducing the 300-or-so small
German states into 38 in the Confederation of the Rhine. After the war, the German
Confederation which brought the German states even closer together politically. This can be
seen as one of several important preliminary steps leading to eventual German unification in
1871. (Unit 5.2, p. 9)
39. (A) Crédit Mobilier, a French bank centered in Paris, provided capital for the construction
of numerous railroads in France and throughout Europe. The central role that Crédit Mobilier
and other major Continental banks played in industrialization on the Continent stands in
contrast to industrialism in England where individual entrepreneurs led the way in driving
industrialism. (Unit 6, pp. 9-10)
40. (C) Britain and Russia were the only two major countries to avoid revolution in 1848-49. A
number of significant liberal reforms in Britain meant that the people overall were not as
frustrated with the government as in other European countries. On the other hand, Russia’s
conservative political system was so thoroughly repressive that liberal popular revolution
could not gain momentum. Neither Britain nor Russia was particularly vulnerable to
nationalist revolutions at this time. (Unit 7.1, p. 14-15)
41. (E) Aluminum, a light metal, was not developed until the twentieth century. All of the other
answer choices were critical aspects of industrial development during this period. The
chemical industry (A) was important in Germany for photo-processing and dyes. The
Bessemer process (B) was instrumental in transforming iron into high quality steel. Oil (C)
was widely used to light kerosene lamps throughout Europe and for internal combustion
engines that ran factory machines. And electricity (D) provided a new industry that led to
brightly-lit cities at night as well as the revolutionary electric street car for mass transit. (Unit
7.2, p. 1)
42. (D) One of the central principles of the Congress of Vienna and the subsequent Treaty of
Paris (1814-15) was to maintain an effective balance of power in Europe. As the most
powerful country in Europe for nearly two centuries, France was seen as the biggest threat to
European security. Therefore, a number of the treaty’s provisions promoted a balance of
power, such as the creation of the Concert of Europe and the Congress System, while
returning France to its traditional boundaries. It would appear that the Congress of Vienna
was very successful in achieving a balance of power since no general European war occurred
until World War I. The two other major principles of the Congress of Vienna were
legitimacy—restoring Old Regime monarchs to their thrones—and territorial
compensation for the countries who contributed to Napoleon’s defeat. (Unit 7.1, p. 3-5)
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43. (A) One of the hallmarks of the Romantic era was its emphasis on human emotion and faith.
This stood in stark contrast to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason and rational thought.
(Unit 7.1, p. 19)
44. (C) William Wilberforce was an English reformer who saw slavery as a sin in the eyes of
God. His strong evangelical Christian views drove him to work tirelessly for the abolition of
slavery within the British empire, and by 1833, he had largely succeeded. Joseph Proudhon
(A) was a French utopian socialist who believed the middle class had exploited the value of
labor from workers. Jeremy Bentham (B) developed the political philosophy of
utilitarianism in which government policies should provide the “greatest good for the greatest
number.” Marie Curie (D) discovered the radioactive element—radium—in 1910. Earl
Grey (E) was the liberal Whig leader in Parliament who oversaw major reforms in England
during the 1830s. (Unit 7.1 p. 14)
45. (A) In 1825, a group of upper-class junior military officers (the Decembrists) led an uprising
in an attempt to prevent Nicholas I from assuming the throne (after the death of Alexander
I). The Decembrists had a moderately liberal agenda which supported popular grievances
among the Russian masses. Nicholas I eventually suppressed the revolt and became Europe’s
most reactionary monarch. While the Peterloo uprising (B) may have been moderately
liberal, it was not attempting to overthrow the English government. The Pugachev
Rebellion (C) was actually a radical peasant uprising—not moderately liberal. The Paris
Commune (D) was a temporary but radical communist regime in Paris in the wake of the
French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. It was not seeking overthrow the government
since the government under Napoleon III had already fallen as a result of Germany’s victory.
Russian pogroms (E) were government sponsored acts of discrimination and violence
against Jews. (7.1, pp. 8-9)
46. (D) Utopian socialists in France during the early-nineteenth century sought to reorganize
society to establish cooperation and a new sense of community. They proposed a system of
greater economic equality planned by the government. Proponents of utopian socialism
included Henri de Saint-Simon, Louis Blanc, Joseph Proudhon, and Charles Fourier. (Unit
7.1, pp. 25-26)
47. (C) Edwin Chadwick, a disciple of Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism, proposed in his
“sanitary idea” that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment. An
adequate supply of clean piped water would carry off excrement of communal outhouses and
would cost only 1/20 of removing it by hand. Britain (which suffered a cholera epidemic in
the early 1830s), passed its first public health law in 1848. Germany, France and U.S. also
adopted Chadwick’s ideas. By the 1860s and 1870s many European cities had made
significant progress in public sanitation. (Unit 7.2, pp. 2-3)
48. (D) By 1850, the standard of living in western and central Europe had improved to the point
where young couples had greater luxury to marry for love than did their parents or
grandparents. While a majority of couples now married for romantic reasons, economic
considerations were still a major reason for marriage, particularly in the middle and upper
classes. (Unit 7.2, p. 5)
49. (C) Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species put forth the theory of evolution that
explained how humans had evolved from lower life forms. The popularity of Darwin’s
scientific theory sent shockwaves through Europe’s religious community as evolution
seemed to directly contradict the Book of Genesis in the Bible. Darwin’s theory exposed a
widening rift between organized religion and science. (Unit 7.2, p. 9)
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50. (B) In contrast to the Renaissance where wealthy families and the Catholic church spent
enormous sums of money patronizing the visual arts, artists by the late-nineteenth century
produced art for art’s sake. Artists who produced realist, impressionist, and postimpressionist works were usually not working on behalf of a patron but rather hoped to sell
their paintings to the general public. The middle class in particular, became a new and
important connoisseur of late-nineteenth-century art. (Unit 7.2, pp. 12-13)
51. (E) Cavour was the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont and worked for King Emmanuel II.
Sardinia-Piedmont was the nucleus of what would become a newly unified Italian state by
1871. Like Bismarck in Germany, Cavour used realpolitik to maneuver European politics to
Italy’s favor. While Garibaldi (B) is a tempting answer since he and his Red Shirts
conquered the southern half of Italy in the 1860s, he subordinated his conquest to King
Emmanuel so that northern and southern Italy could be unified. Mazzini (A) and Gioberti
(D) were important Italian nationalists prior to 1850. (Unit 8.1, pp. 7-9)
52. (E) As a Prussian, Bismarck was a Protestant who was suspicious of Catholics in southern
Germany. Pope Pius IX’s declaration of Papal infallibility in 1870 caused Bismarck concern
as he feared German Catholics would be more loyal to the church than to the German state.
He thus sought to drive the Catholic Center Party underground through his policy of
kulturekampf (the “struggle for civilization”). Bismarck’s efforts backfired and the Catholic
Center Party remained active in German politics. (Unit 8.2, pp. 2-3)
53. (A) Eduard Bernstein argued in Evolutionary Socialism (1899) that Marx’s predictions of
ever-greater poverty for workers and ever-greater concentration of wealth in fewer hands had
proved false. He also observed that as workers gained the right to vote and to participate
politically in the nation state, their attention focused more on elections than revolutions. This
moderate socialist view is known as revisionism. The Democratic Socialist Party in
Germany (S.P.D.) became the most successful revisionist party in Europe, gaining the largest
percentage of the vote in the Reichstag by 1912 and and governing the Weimar Republic in
its early years after World War I. Other revisionist parties grew significantly in France, and
in England. The First Communist International (B), the Paris Commune (C), and the
Spartacists (E) were all radical Marxist groups that would have rejected revisionism as
having “sold out” Marxist ideology for political expediency. The Liberal Party (D) in
England consisted largely of the middle-classes who would have rejected any form of
socialism. (Unit 8.2, pp. 11-12)
54. (D) The July Revolution in France resulted in the abdication of the reactionary Charles X
and the return of significant political influence to the bourgeoisie. France emerged as a true
constitutional monarchy under King Louis Phillipe who was known as the “bourgeois
king.” (Unit 7.1, p. 12)
55. (B) The Revolutions of 1848 had been inspired by a confluence of liberalism, nationalism
and romanticism. The ideals of the revolutionaries were ambitious, and often unrealistic.
When the revolutions failed, it dealt a blow to the romantic notions of quick and
comprehensive change and gave rise to a new political view of achieving change gradually
and skillfully through the use of practical means—realpolitik. This changing view influenced
the arts as realism replaced romanticism as the cutting edge. Authors and artists now sought
to portray life as it was, rather than exaggerating their subject as was often the case in
Romantic works. (Unit 7.2, pp. 11-12)
56. (E) Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War demonstrated that the country had fallen far behind
the West both industrially and militarily. Under Czar Alexander II, Russia began to
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modernize, first with the emancipation of the serfs, and then with ambitious industrial
programs that resulted in the creation of large factories and an extensive railroad network.
(Unit 9.2, pp. 3-5)
57. (A) The increase of male suffrage in several prominent European countries led to a dramatic
rise in political party membership and influence. All of the other answer choices are correct
statements regarding the Age of Mass Politics. (Unit 8.2, p. 1)
58. (A) The proletariat, or working class, was the fastest rising social class in Europe in the
nineteenth century. The industrial revolution resulted in large migrations from the
countryside to cities and towns. While the middle class also grew during the nineteenth
century, its numbers were dwarfed by the millions of working class peoples living in cities.
(Unit 6, pp. 10-11)
59. (C) As the leader of the Conservative Party in England, Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli
was not particularly enthusiastic about extending suffrage to most British males. However,
the political tide of mass politics forced such conservatives as Bismarck in Germany, and
Disraeli in Britain, to accept such measures in hopes of gaining the loyalty of the working
classes. The Reform Bill of 1867 granted suffrage to suffrage to almost all men age 21 who
lived in urban areas. Universal male suffrage would have to wait until 1884 when virtually all
men in the countryside were also enfranchised. (Unit 8.2, pp. 6-7)
60. (E) Italy has the rather dubious distinction of having been the only European country
defeated by African forces during the age of imperialism. Ethiopian forces, aided by its cache
of modern weapons it had earlier purchased from Britain, France, and even Italy, defeated the
Italian invaders in 1896 at the Battle of Adowa, killing 6,000 Italian troops and taking
thousands prisoner. (Unit 8.3, p. 7)
61. (D) Under Bismarck in the 1880s, Germany created the first social welfare system in
Europe. Bismarck hoped to gain the loyalty of the working class while reducing the socialist
influence by granting such measures as old-age pensions, medical care, and regulation of
child labor. While the working class experienced a higher standard of living as a result, they
did not abandon the S.P.D. as it continued to grow dramatically into Germany’s largest
political party. (Unit 8.2, p. 3)
62. (E) Salvador Dali is the best known of the surrealist artists who created strange paintings
that reflected the irrational of the human unconscious that Sigmund Freud popularized in his
ground-breaking theories. (Unit 9.3, p. 7)
63. (E) While militant suffragettes such as Emmeline Pankhurst often get more attention in
textbooks for their antics, more moderate suffragettes such as Millicent Garret Fawcett
played a major role by using the political system as a means of convincing Parliament to
grant female suffrage. For her efforts, Fawcett was knighted in 1924. (Unit 8.2, p. 8)
64. (E) One of the great challenges of rapid urbanization in the late-nineteenth century was the
lack of adequate public transportation. The advent of the electric street car in the 1890s
provided a new means of transporting the masses. Suburban areas emerged outside cities
since electric street cars and subway systems now provided a means for people to live several
miles away from where they worked in the city. By 1900, only 9% of Britain’s urban
population was overcrowded (defined as more than two people living in one room). (Unit
7.2, p. 3)
65. (C) Social Darwinism, as articulated by Herbert Spencer, justified European imperialism
based on the idea of “survival of the fittest.” Europeans reasoned that they were justified in
taking over weaker countries in Africa and Asia since natural laws championed the strong
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over the weak. Europeans also rationalized that they were “civilizing” less developed
regions. (Unit 8.3, p. 3)
66. (B) Jews emigrated in large numbers out of eastern Europe to the United States in order to
escape the savage persecution of the Russian pogroms and other discrimination in the
region. As a result, Jews were the group least likely to return to their homelands. (Unit 8.3,
p. 2; Unit 8.2, p. 15)
67. (B) The Berlin Conference organized in 1885 by Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry of
France set up new guidelines by which the European imperial powers would “scramble for
Africa.” Since Germany was late coming into the imperialistic game, Bismarck hoped that
stricter guidelines for claiming land would allow Germany the opportunity to grab African
territory before it was taken by other powers such as Britain and France. Another motive for
the conference was that the countries in attendance sought to prevent international conflicts
between European nations over the issue of imperialism. Under the terms of the conference,
no imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that
territory. Moreover, slavery and the slave trade in Africa were terminated.
68. (D) By 1900, major imperialist powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan
had each created a “sphere of influence” within China and dominated their respective sphere
regarding trade. Although China was not carved up like Africa was during the same period, it
did suffer the indignities of being unable to exercise sovereign power within its borders.
Europeans who lived in China were not subject to China’s laws but rather European laws—a
principle known as extraterritoriality. (Unit 8.3, p. 8)
69. (A) Karl Marx declared that imperialism was the logical outgrowth of capitalism. In his
view, greedy capitalists sought profits by conquering weaker countries in search of new
markets and raw materials. Vladimir Lenin continued to trumpet these views before and after
the Bolshevik Revolution. (Unit 8.3, p. 11)
70. (C) After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a radical member
of the ultra-nationalist Serbian Black Hand in July, 1914, Germany urged Austria to take
strong action against Serbia. Although Austrian government was somewhat reluctant to do
so, Wilhelm II assured Emperor Franz Joseph that Germany would provide any support
necessary to Austria’s cause regarding Serbia, or even against Russia. This assurance by
Wilhelm II is often referred to as the “blank check” since Germany seemed to pledge
unconditional support for Austria. In response, Austria continued to make harsh demands
against Serbia and eventually declared war on July 28. Four days later, Germany declared
war against France thus triggering the Great War. (Unit 9.1, pp. 4-5)
71. (E) Germany’s economy was plagued during the early 1920s with massive reparations
payment obligations. England’s unemployment remained high throughout the 1920s, causing
a large general strike in 1926. Economic chaos and political unrest occurred in France. A
depression in Italy after World War I led to the rise of Mussolini. All of the other answer
choices are correct regarding the impact of World War I on European society. (Unit 9.4, p.
3,5)
72. (A) The colonies that had belonged to Germany and the Ottoman Empire were NOT given
their independence after World War I. Rather, they became mandates to be administered by
Britain and France. This is particularly true for countries in the Middle East. (Unit 9.1, p. 11)
73. (D) The first attempt to impose communism in Russia was the Bolshevik program of “war
communism” during the Russian Civil War. A “total war” concept was put into effect by the
Bolsheviks in fighting the civil war. All land was nationalized and the state took over heavy
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industry. Peasants were forced to deliver food to towns while the Bolshevik secret police—
the Cheka—terrorized those who did not comply with the communist government. By war’s
end, the Russian economy lay in ruins and international trade had disappeared. (Unit 9.2, p.
15)
74. (E) The United States sought to stay neutral during the war. President Woodrow Wilson used
diplomatic means during 1915 and 1916 to try and convince Germany to respect unarmed
and neutral shipping. However, in early 1917, Germany announced that it would resume its
policy of unrestricted submarine warfare in order to break the British blockade that was
effectively strangling Germany. When several U.S. merchant ships were sunk in the spring of
1917, Wilson asked the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (Unit 9.1, p.
8)
75. (B) William Wordsworth is one of the great early English Romantic poets. The excerpt
glorifies nature, a major characteristic of Romanticism, and belittles human pretentions that
claim to truly understand it. Wordsworth also makes reference to the importance of the
“heart.” Romantics emphasized emotion over Enlightenment rationalism. (Unit 7.1, pp. 1920)
76. (C) Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, issued in January 1918, proposed to end the war
along liberal and democratic lines. Germany was made to believe that if it accepted an
armistice to end the war, it would be treated fairly in a post-war treaty. However, French
president, Georges Clemenceau, was eager to punish Germany and guarantee the future
security of France. The result was a harsh peace treaty that gave Germany sole blame for the
war, reduced the geographical size of Germany, and forced it to pay enormous reparations
payments. (Unit 9.1, p. 11)
77. (D) Although difficult to characterize, some of Thomas Hardy’s late-nineteenth-century
novels were written in the style of realism and naturalism. All of the other answer choices are
examples of post-World War I pessimism. (Unit 7.2, p. 12; Unit 9.3, pp. 3-4)
78. (B) Although Germany paid its first reparations payment in 1921, it was unable to make its
second payment in 1922. In response, France in 1923 invaded Germany’s industrial Ruhr
region. The German government instructed Ruhr residents to stop production and passively
resist French occupation. Shortly thereafter, Germany dramatically devalued its currency by
printing billions of marks to make its reparations payments. The result was hyperinflation
that threatened to destroy Germany’s economy. The U.S.-brokered Dawes Plan helped
stabilize the financial chaos and loaned Germany billions of dollars to pay its reparations.
(Unit 9.4, pp. 3-4)
79. (C) There are several important clues to answer the question. First, the German
Confederation was created after Napoleon was defeated in 1815. Second, neither Germany
nor Italy was unified. This means the map has to refer to a period prior to 1871. A more
subtle clue is that the Netherlands has control of Belgium. The Belgians did not gain their
independence until 1830. Answer (A) is not possible because Great Britain was created by
the Act of Union in 1707.
80. (D) Along with Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque developed the style of cubism during the
first decade of the twentieth century. Notice how similar geometric shapes occur throughout
the painting while the violins seem to be deconstructed. (Unit 9.3, pp. 15-16)
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