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Transcript
Chapter 12: Prokaryotic Diversity: Bacteria 1) Which of the following groups does not include anaerobic phototrophs? A) Green sulfur bacteria B) Purple sulfur bacteria C) Purple non-sulfur bacteria D) Cyanobacteria Answer: D 2) The site of nitrogen fixation in most of the cyanobacteria is the A) akinete. B) heterocyst. C) hormogonium. D) vegetative cell. Answer: B 3) Consider ammonia oxidation by nitrifying bacteria. Which of the following is incorrect regarding this process? A) The oxidation occurs best in waters that receive inputs of sewage or other wastewaters. B) The actual substrate is NH4+. C) The initial step involves an ammonia monooxygenase. D) The energy yielding steps occur after the hydroxylamine oxidation stage. Answer: B 4) Methanotrophs A) are widespread in nature. B) are able to oxidize ammonia. C) have been found living as symbionts of marine shellfish on the sea floor. D) all of the above. Answer: D 5) Which of the following characterizes the actinomycetes? A) Filamentous growth B) Conidia on aerial hyphae C) Common inhabitant of soil D) All of the above Answer: D 6) Which of the following might be found in the cyanobacteria? A) Gas vesicles B) Phycobilins C) Akinetes D) All of the above Answer: D 7) Which of the following would not aid in the enrichment of the sulfate reducers which are widely distributed in nature? A) Lactate-sulfate medium B) Incubation under aerobic conditions C) Ascorbate or thioglycollate D) Ferrous iron Answer: B 8) Which of the following gliding bacteria form(s) fruiting bodies? A) Beggiatoa B) Myxococcus C) Cytophagia D) All of the above form fruiting bodies Answer: B 9) Members of the genus Pseudomonas A) may have fluorescent pigments. B) usually have peritrichous flagella. C) are gram-positive rods. D) tend to cause mild (rather than serious) infections in humans. Answer: A 10) A certain culture of nitrogen-fixing, free-living bacteria is composed of large gram-negative rods that form resting structures called cysts, and is usually found in nature in neutral and alkaline soils. Its genus name is A) Azomonas. B) Azotobacter. C) Azospirillum. D) Derxia. Answer: B 11) Which of the following is not a trait of the rickettsias? A) Obligate intracellular parasite B) Lack cell wall C) Contain both RNA and DNA D) Metabolically active Answer: B 12) Which of the following is not a trait of the chlamydias? A) Contain both DNA and RNA B) Transmitted by arthropod vectors C) Have limited biosynthetic capacities D) Obligately parasitic bacteria Answer: B 13) Which of the following are traits of Mycobacterium? A) Acid-fast B) Gram-positive C) May be divided into slow growers and fast growers D) All of the above Answer: D 14) Molybdenum is an integral part of which of the following enzymes? A) Nitrate reductase B) Nitrogenase C) Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase D) All of the above Answer: D 15) Type I methanotrophs A) are obligate aerobes. B) possess bundles of disc-shaped vesicles in internal membranes. C) have an incomplete citric acid cycle. D) all of the above. Answer: D 16) Which of the following genera of spirochetes do not include any known human pathogens? A) Cristispira B) Treponema C) Borrelia D) Leptospira Answer: A 17) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the myxobacteria? A) Vegetative cells are gram-negative. B) The organisms may be readily isolated from soil/bark on nutrient-rich agar. C) The mounding of cells after aggregation leads to fruiting body formation. D) Myxospores are fairly resistant to heating and drying. Answer: B 18) A gram-negative, oxidase negative, microaerophilic, polar flagellated microbe that ferments sugars to ethanol and is tolerant of a low pH is probably a(n) A) Zymomonas. B) Acetobacter. C) Gluconobacter. D) Vibrio. Answer: A 19) When glucose is fermented, a particular bacterium produces acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, ethanol, and equal volumes of CO2 and H2. This bacterium is probably a(n) A) Proteus. B) Escherichia. C) Klebsiella. D) Enterobacter. Answer: B 20) A gram-positive microorganism has the following traits: filamentous, forms spores at the end of mycelia, produces antibiotics, produces geosmin, is nutritionally versatile, yields compact "dusty" colonies on agar culture media. These traits describe the genus A) Streptomyces. B) Streptobacillus. C) Mycobacterium. D) Lactobacillus. Answer: A 21) Which genus is characterized by these traits: gram-negative, straight or slightly curved rod, polar flagella, respiratory and fermentative metabolism, some lithotrophic members? A) Saccharomyces B) Beijerinckia C) Pseudomonas D) Serratia Answer: C 22) The most ancient phylum from a phylogenetic standpoint contains the genus A) Rhodospirillum B) Escherichia C) Propionibacterium D) Aquifex Answer: D 23) What is the organism that led Winogradsky to formulate the concept of chemolithotrophy? A) Spirilla B) Beggiatoa C) Bdellovibrio D) Desulfotomaculum Answer: B 24) What is a major distinction between the hydrogen chemolithotrophs and many sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying bacteria? A) Hydrogen chemolithotrophs are anaerobes, while the sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying bacteria are aerobes. B) Hydrogen chemolithotrophs cannot be cultured in vitro, while the sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying bacteria can easily be cultured. C) Hydrogen chemolithotrophs are almost all facultative chemolithotrophs, while the sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying bacteria are nearly all obligate chemolithotrophs. D) Hydrogen chemolithotrophs are found in dry environments, while sulfur chemolithotrophs and nitrifying bacteria are found in aquatic environments. Answer: C 25) Scientists studying bioremediation oftentimes search for environmental strains of which genus of microorganism that is capable of breaking down toxic chemicals? A) Pseudomonas B) Staphylococcus C) Bacillus D) Clostridium Answer: A 26) Which of the following organisms does not produce prosthecae? A) Caulobacter B) Hyphomicrobium C) Leptothrix D) Gallionella Answer: C 27) The virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been correlated which what component? A) Mycolic acid B) Conidia C) Cord factor D) Heterocysts Answer: C 28) In which habitat would you find organisms that produce geosmin? A) Soil B) Fresh water C) Marine environments D) Hydrothermal vents Answer: A 29) Which is the earliest known phototrophic bacterium? A) Heliothrix B) Rhodobacter C) Halorhodospira D) Chloroflexus Answer: D 30) Organisms which use only compounds with a single carbon atom for growth are called methylotrophs. Answer: TRUE 31) All methylotrophs are also methanotrophs. Answer: FALSE 32) Nitrifying bacteria develop particularly well in lakes and streams receiving sewage because of the high ammonia content of the sewage. Answer: TRUE 33) Nitrification occurs especially well in an acid environment. Answer: FALSE 34) Pseudomonas pathogens affect only members of the animal kingdom. Answer: FALSE 35) Most bioluminescent bacteria are found in marine environments. Answer: TRUE 36) The primary mode of transmission for a rickettsial disease is person-to-person contact. Answer: FALSE 37) The polarity of magnetic cells from the Southern hemisphere is opposite the polarity of those from the Northern hemisphere. Answer: TRUE 38) Methane oxidizers and ammonia oxidizers exhibit great similarity in both structure of internal membrane systems and are phylogenetically closely related. Answer: TRUE 39) The heterofermenters lack the enzyme aldolase, and subsequently cannot split fructose bisphosphate via the glycolytic pathway. However, the energy yield from glucose is equivalent to that of the homofermenters. Answer: FALSE 40) The fundamental distinction between the purple and green bacteria and the cyanobacteria is based upon the overall photosynthetic process and the photopigments. Answer: TRUE 42) Color alone is a good criterion for identifying isolated prokaryotic phototrophs as either green or purple bacteria. Answer: FALSE 43) The green sulfur bacteria and Chloroflexus represent two distinct branches of the phylogenetic tree. Answer: TRUE 44) All nitrifying bacteria are obligate chemolithotrophs. Answer: FALSE 45) Lithotrophs that oxidize elemental sulfur include both autotrophs and heterotrophs. Answer: TRUE 46) Cell yields are higher for methane oxidizers that employ the serine pathway for assimilation of carbon compounds than for those using the ribulose monophosphate pathway. Answer: FALSE 47) Organisms that attach to solid surfaces will grow in dilute media. Answer: TRUE 48) __________ is the term used to identify salt loving bacteria. Answer: Halophilic 49) The metal __________ must be present in the medium for chemolithotrophic growth of hydrogen bacteria because virtually all hydrogenases contain the ion __________ as a metal cofactor. Answer: nickel / nickel (Ni2+) 50) Gliding bacteria (myxobacteria) often form multicellular structures called __________. These bacteria have also developed intercellular __________. Answer: fruiting bodies / communication 51) __________ is the name of the genus of gram positive rod-shaped bacteria used in the production of dairy products. Answer: Lactobacillus 52) The most common commercial use of the actinomycetes is __________. Answer: production of antibiotics 53) Based on metabolism and on oxygen requirements, the genus Clostridium is classified as __________ and __________. Answer: strictly anaerobic / fermentative (either order) 54) Mycolic acid is a characteristic of the genus __________. Answer: Mycobacterium 55) The most thermophilic of all known Bacteria is the genus __________. Answer: Aquifex 56) The oxidation of ammonia to nitrite is carried out by the __________ bacteria. The product of this step is then subsequently oxidized to nitrate by the __________ bacteria. Answer: nitrosifying / nitrifying 57) The homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria can be differentiated by the production of __________ by the heterofermenters during fermentation. Answer: carbon dioxide 58) The manufacture of Swiss cheese requires an initial fermentation of lactose to lactic acid by __________ organisms. Next, lactate is fermented to propionate by the __________ bacteria. Answer: homofermentative / propionic acid 59) The copolymer of aspartic acid and arginine that is a nitrogen storage product for many of the cyanobacteria is known as a __________. Answer: cyanophycin 60) The most predominant organism in the human large intestine is __________. Answer: Bacteroides 61) What is the ribulose monophosphate pathway and why is it important to the study of methanotrophs? Answer: Answers will vary. 62) Compare and contrast Type I and Type II methanotrophs. Answer: Answers will vary. 63) Explain how Wolbachia and Bacillus thuringiensis might be used as natural insecticides against arthropods and insects, respectively. Answer: Answers will vary.