Download Appendicular skeleton

Articulations (Joints)
Read pages 145-154 in your textbook. Answer the questions as you come to them. The
information is mostly in order but not completely – you may have to read a little ahead or look
back to summarize the answers for a question.
1. List the 2 functions of joints
a. ____________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________
Classification of Joints
I.
Functional classification is based on the ________________________________ allowed
by the joint
a. List and describe the 3 functional classifications:
i. ____________________________________________________
ii. ____________________________________________________
iii. ____________________________________________________
b. Where in the body is each functional classification found and why?
II.
Structural classification - based on type of material that binds bone together and
presence or absence of joint capsule
a. structural classifications
i. Fibrous: Generally synarthroses
1. Describe each of the following examples of fibrous joints
a. Sutures: ________________________________________
_______________________________________________
b. Syndesmoses: __________________________________
_______________________________________________
c. Gomphoses (not in your text):
i. Example: tooth held in socket by periodontal ligament
ii. Cartilaginous: Generally amphiarthoses
1. Describe each of the following examples of cartilaginous joints:
a. Symphyses
i. Connected by a fibrocartilage
ii. Mobility: ________________________________
iii. Two Examples: _____________________________
_________________________________________
b. Synchondroses
i. Connected by hyaline cartilage
ii. Mobility: ________________________________
iii. Two Examples: _____________________________
_________________________________________
iii. Synovial: Generally diarthroses
1. Articulating bone ends are separated by a __________________ filled
with ________________________________.
2. Structure of a synovial joint: Memorize these diagrams
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
__________________________________ covers the ends of the bones in the
joint to cushion & protect them.
______________________________________: double layered membrane to
enclose the joint cavity and is lined with a internal layer of
____________________________ membrane. The fibrous capsule fuses to
the periosteum of the bone.
Joint cavity: contains ______________________ fluid to lubricate, reduce
friction, and nourish the articular cartilage. The synovial fluid is produced by
the synovial membrane that lines the joint cavity.
i.
Sports Application (WILL DISCUSS):
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Reinforcing ligaments: we will discuss specific ones later
Bursae
i.
Describe:
ii.
Location:
iii.
True vs. False (WILL DISCUSS):
Tendon sheath:
i.
Describe:
3. Types of synovial joints
a. non-axial: includes plane joint
b. uni-axial: includes hinge & pivot joints
c. bi-axial: includes condyloid & saddle joints
d. multiaxial: includes ball & socket joints
Matching the types of joints to their examples:
_____between bones of skull
_____distal tibiofibular joint, length of radius & ulna
_____tooth in socket
_____ephiphyseal plate, costal cartilages
_____intervertebral joints, sternal angle, pubic symphysis
_____elbow, knee, interphalangeal
_____atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar
_____metacarpophalangeal, atlanto-occipital
_____carpometacarpal joint of thumb only
_____hip, shoulder
_____intercarpal, intertarsal
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
ball & socket
nonaxial (plane)
synchondroses
sutures
pivot
saddle
syndesmoses
hinge
condyloid
gomphoses
symphyses
STOP BOOKWORK AT THIS POINT – MEMORIZE ALL THE ABOVE INFORMATION FOR QUIZ #1
Stability of a Joint
I.
Articular surfaces: Deeper articular surfaces = _____________ stability
II.
Muscle Tone: Increased muscle tone = ________________ stability
III.
Ligaments: More/stronger ligaments = __________________ stability
Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints
I.
Dislocation
II.
Reduction
III.
Bursitis/tendonitis:
IV.
Sprains
a. stretched/torn ligaments
b. heal slowly due to ____________________________________________
V.
Arthritis
a. 3 Initial symptoms of all arthritis: _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
b. Discuss the differences between acute and chronic arthritis forms:
Fill in Chart on Types of Arthritis
Specific joints
A. Shoulder joint
1. most freely movable but ___________________
2. Ball & socket joint
3. ________________________________ - rim of fibrocartilage that
deepens glenoid cavity
4. reinforcing ligaments primarily on ______________________ aspect
5. Muscle tendons most important in stabilizing
6. superstabilizer – tendon of long head of ________________________
muscle
7. rotator cuff
a. other fused tendons for stability
b. can be stretched & injured during __________________________
8. dislocates ______________________ due to weakness of reinforcements
B. Elbow joint
1. stable _______________ joint
2. main portion of joint is _______________ with __________________ notch
3. 3 important ligaments
a. _______________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________
c. _______________________ ligament – encloses radial head
4. several tendons cross joint to provide stability
C. Hip joint
1. less movable (limited by joint ligaments) but very stable
2. _______________________________________ enhances depth of socket
3. Hip displacements rare – takes great force to dislocate due to size of
muscles, tendons and ligaments and depth of socket
4. 3 main ligaments
a. iliofemoral
b. pubofemoral
c. ischiofemoral
5. ligaments arranged so femur head is “screwed” into socket upon standing
6. ligamentum teres
a. contains small artery that supplies head of femur
b. any damage to artery leads to severe ______________________
7. most common joint replaced: acetabulum and head of femur
D. Knee joint
1. largest joint in body - very complex
2. joint cavity only partly enclosed by capsule - absent ___________________
3. contains ____________ bursae for cushioning
4. menisci
a. deepen articular surface
b. increase _________________________ stability
c. absorb shock
d. only attached at _______________________ margin so frequently
torn
5. strongly reinforced by ligaments
a. extracapsular: help stabilize entire joint
i. patellar ligament
ii. lateral collateral – critical in preventing lateral angular motion
iii. medial collateral – critical in preventing medial angular motion
iv. oblique popliteal
v. arcuate popliteal
b. intracapsular – help prevent displacement of articular surfaces
i. anterior cruciate
1. attached to _________________ tibia
2. prevents _________________________
3. taut when knee is __________________________
ii. posterior cruciate
1. attached to __________________ tibia
2. prevents _________________________________
3. taut when knee is __________________________
6. Three main structures that are commonly injured
a. ____________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________
7. Know the location of the following structures on the diagram










Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Medial & lateral menisci
Patellar ligament
Patella
Quadriceps tendon
Articular cartilage
Femur condyles (medial &
lateral)
 Tibial condyles (medial &
lateral)
You will only need to know the knee diagram for the test. You will need to know the basic
information about the other joints.