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A and P -- Articulations (Joints) 1. List the 2 functions of joints a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ Classification of Joints I. Functional classification is based on the ________________________________ allowed by the joint a. List and describe the 3 functional classifications: i. ____________________________________________________ ii. ____________________________________________________ iii. ____________________________________________________ b. Where in the body is each functional classification found and why? II. Structural classification - based on type of material that binds bone together and presence or absence of joint capsule a. structural classifications i. Fibrous: Generally synarthroses 1. Describe each of the following examples of fibrous joints a. Sutures: ________________________________________ _______________________________________________ b. Syndesmoses: __________________________________ _______________________________________________ c. Gomphoses: i. Example: tooth held in socket by periodontal ligament ii. Cartilaginous: Generally amphiarthoses 1. Describe each of the following examples of cartilaginous joints: a. Symphyses i. Connected by a fibrocartilage ii. Mobility: ________________________________ iii. Two Examples: _____________________________ _________________________________________ b. Synchondroses i. Connected by hyaline cartilage ii. Mobility: ________________________________ iii. Two Examples: _____________________________ _________________________________________ iii. Synovial: Generally diarthroses 1. Articulating bone ends are separated by a __________________ filled with ________________________________. 2. Structure of a synovial joint: Color and memorize this diagram 3. a. __________________________________ covers the ends of the bones in the joint to cushion & protect them. b. ______________________________________: double layered membrane to enclose the joint cavity and is lined with a internal layer of ____________________________ membrane. The fibrous capsule fuses to the periosteum of the bone. c. Joint cavity: contains ______________________ fluid to lubricate, reduce friction, and nourish the articular cartilage. The synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane that lines the joint cavity. i. Sports Application: d. Reinforcing ligaments: we will discuss specific ones later e. Bursae f. i. Describe: ii. Location: iii. True vs. False: Tendon sheath: i. Describe: 4. Types of synovial joints a. non-axial: includes plane joint b. uni-axial: includes hinge & pivot joints c. bi-axial: includes condyloid & saddle joints d. multiaxial: includes ball & socket joints Matching the types of joints to their examples: _____between bones of skull _____distal tibiofibular joint, length of radius & ulna _____tooth in socket _____ephiphyseal plate, costal cartilages _____intervertebral joints, sternal angle, pubic symphysis A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. ball & socket nonaxial (plane) synchondroses sutures pivot saddle syndesmoses hinge condyloid gomphoses symphyses _____elbow, knee, interphalangeal _____atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar _____metacarpophalangeal, atlanto-occipital _____carpometacarpal joint of thumb only _____hip, shoulder _____intercarpal, intertarsal End of Quiz 1 Material Stability of a Joint I. Articular surfaces: Deeper articular surfaces = _____________ stability II. Muscle Tone: Increased muscle tone = ________________ stability III. Ligaments: More/stronger ligaments = __________________ stability Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints I. Dislocation: II. Reduction: III. Bursitis/tendonitis: IV. Sprains a. stretched/torn ligaments b. heal slowly due to ____________________________________________ V. Arthritis a. 3 Initial symptoms of all arthritis: _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ b. Discuss the differences between acute and chronic arthritis forms: VI. Synovitis a. inflammation of synovial membrane of a joint causing _______________________________________________________________ VII. Arthroscopy a. minimally invasive imaging technque used to visualize/operate within a joint Fill in Chart on Types of Arthritis Specific joints A. Shoulder joint 1. most freely movable but ___________________ 2. Ball & socket joint 3. ________________________________ - rim of fibrocartilage that deepens glenoid cavity 4. reinforcing ligaments primarily on ______________________ aspect 5. Muscle tendons most important in stabilizing 6. superstabilizer – tendon of long head of ________________________ muscle 7. rotator cuff a. other fused tendons for stability b. can be stretched & injured during __________________________ 8. dislocates ______________________ due to weakness of reinforcements B. Elbow joint 1. stable _______________ joint 2. main portion of joint is _______________ with __________________ notch 3. 3 important ligaments a. __________________________________ b. __________________________________ c. _______________________ ligament – encloses radial head 4. several tendons cross joint to provide stability C. Hip joint 1. less movable (limited by joint ligaments) but very stable 2. _______________________________________ enhances depth of socket 3. Hip displacements rare – takes great force to dislocate due to size of muscles, tendons and ligaments and depth of socket 4. 3 main ligaments a. iliofemoral b. pubofemoral c. ischiofemoral 5. ligaments arranged so femur head is “screwed” into socket upon standing 6. ligamentum teres a. contains small artery that supplies head of femur b. any damage to artery leads to severe ______________________ 7. most common joint replaced: acetabulum and head of femur D. Knee joint 1. largest joint in body - very complex 2. joint cavity only partly enclosed by capsule - absent ___________________ 3. contains ____________ bursae for cushioning 4. menisci a. deepen articular surface b. increase _________________________ stability c. absorb shock d. only attached at _______________________ margin so frequently torn 5. strongly reinforced by ligaments a. extracapsular: help stabilize entire joint i. patellar ligament ii. lateral collateral – critical in preventing lateral angular motion iii. medial collateral – critical in preventing medial angular motion iv. oblique popliteal v. arcuate popliteal b. intracapsular – help prevent displacement of articular surfaces i. anterior cruciate 1. attached to _________________ tibia 2. prevents _________________________ 3. taut when knee is __________________________ ii. posterior cruciate 1. attached to __________________ tibia 2. prevents _________________________________ 3. taut when knee is __________________________ 6. Three main structures that are commonly injured a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ c. _________________________________