Download Joints Notes Packet

A and P -- Articulations (Joints)
1. List the 2 functions of joints
a. _________________________________________
b. _________________________________________
Classification of Joints
I.
Functional classification is based on the ________________________________
allowed by the joint
a. List and describe the 3 functional classifications:
i. ____________________________________________________
ii. ____________________________________________________
iii. ____________________________________________________
b. Where in the body is each functional classification found and why?
II.
Structural classification - based on type of material that binds bone together and
presence or absence of joint capsule
a. structural classifications
i. Fibrous: Generally synarthroses
1. Describe each of the following examples of fibrous joints
a. Sutures: ________________________________________
_______________________________________________
b. Syndesmoses: __________________________________
_______________________________________________
c. Gomphoses:
i. Example: tooth held in socket by periodontal
ligament
ii. Cartilaginous: Generally amphiarthoses
1. Describe each of the following examples of cartilaginous joints:
a. Symphyses
i. Connected by a fibrocartilage
ii. Mobility: ________________________________
iii. Two Examples:
_____________________________
_________________________________________
b. Synchondroses
i. Connected by hyaline cartilage
ii. Mobility: ________________________________
iii. Two Examples: _____________________________
_________________________________________
iii. Synovial: Generally diarthroses
1. Articulating bone ends are separated by a __________________
filled with ________________________________.
2. Structure of a synovial joint: Color and memorize this diagram
3.
a.
__________________________________ covers the ends of the
bones in the joint to cushion & protect them.
b.
______________________________________: double layered
membrane to enclose the joint cavity and is lined with a internal layer of
____________________________ membrane. The fibrous capsule
fuses to the periosteum of the bone.
c.
Joint cavity: contains ______________________ fluid to lubricate,
reduce friction, and nourish the articular cartilage. The synovial fluid is
produced by the synovial membrane that lines the joint cavity.
i.
Sports Application:
d.
Reinforcing ligaments: we will discuss specific ones later
e.
Bursae
f.
i.
Describe:
ii.
Location:
iii.
True vs. False:
Tendon sheath:
i.
Describe:
4. Types of synovial joints
a. non-axial: includes plane joint
b. uni-axial: includes hinge & pivot joints
c. bi-axial: includes condyloid & saddle joints
d. multiaxial: includes ball & socket joints
Matching the types of joints to their examples:
_____between bones of skull
_____distal tibiofibular joint, length of radius & ulna
_____tooth in socket
_____ephiphyseal plate, costal cartilages
_____intervertebral joints, sternal angle, pubic symphysis
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
ball & socket
nonaxial (plane)
synchondroses
sutures
pivot
saddle
syndesmoses
hinge
condyloid
gomphoses
symphyses
_____elbow, knee, interphalangeal
_____atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar
_____metacarpophalangeal, atlanto-occipital
_____carpometacarpal joint of thumb only
_____hip, shoulder
_____intercarpal, intertarsal
End of Quiz 1 Material
Stability of a Joint
I.
Articular surfaces: Deeper articular surfaces = _____________ stability
II.
Muscle Tone: Increased muscle tone = ________________ stability
III.
Ligaments: More/stronger ligaments = __________________ stability
Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints
I.
Dislocation:
II.
Reduction:
III.
Bursitis/tendonitis:
IV.
Sprains
a. stretched/torn ligaments
b. heal slowly due to ____________________________________________
V.
Arthritis
a. 3 Initial symptoms of all arthritis: _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
b. Discuss the differences between acute and chronic arthritis forms:
VI.
Synovitis
a. inflammation of synovial membrane of a joint causing
_______________________________________________________________
VII.
Arthroscopy
a. minimally invasive imaging technque used to visualize/operate within a joint
Fill in Chart on Types of Arthritis
Specific joints
A. Shoulder joint
1. most freely movable but ___________________
2. Ball & socket joint
3. ________________________________ - rim of fibrocartilage that
deepens glenoid cavity
4. reinforcing ligaments primarily on ______________________ aspect
5. Muscle tendons most important in stabilizing
6. superstabilizer – tendon of long head of ________________________
muscle
7. rotator cuff
a. other fused tendons for stability
b. can be stretched & injured during __________________________
8. dislocates ______________________ due to weakness of reinforcements
B. Elbow joint
1. stable _______________ joint
2. main portion of joint is _______________ with
__________________ notch
3. 3 important ligaments
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. _______________________ ligament –
encloses radial head
4. several tendons cross joint to provide stability
C. Hip joint
1. less movable (limited by joint ligaments) but very stable
2. _______________________________________ enhances depth of socket
3. Hip displacements rare – takes great force to dislocate due to size of
muscles, tendons and ligaments and depth of socket
4. 3 main ligaments
a. iliofemoral
b. pubofemoral
c. ischiofemoral
5. ligaments arranged so femur head is “screwed” into socket upon standing
6. ligamentum teres
a. contains small artery that supplies head of femur
b. any damage to artery leads to severe ______________________
7. most common joint replaced: acetabulum and head of femur
D. Knee joint
1. largest joint in body - very complex
2. joint cavity only partly enclosed by capsule - absent ___________________
3. contains ____________ bursae for cushioning
4. menisci
a. deepen articular surface
b. increase _________________________ stability
c. absorb shock
d. only attached at _______________________ margin so frequently torn
5. strongly reinforced by ligaments
a. extracapsular: help stabilize entire joint
i. patellar ligament
ii. lateral collateral – critical in preventing lateral angular motion
iii. medial collateral – critical in preventing medial angular motion
iv. oblique popliteal
v. arcuate popliteal
b. intracapsular – help prevent displacement of articular surfaces
i. anterior cruciate
1. attached to _________________ tibia
2. prevents _________________________
3. taut when knee is __________________________
ii. posterior cruciate
1. attached to __________________ tibia
2. prevents _________________________________
3. taut when knee is __________________________
6. Three main structures that are commonly injured
a. _________________________________
b. _________________________________
c. _________________________________