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Chapter 17
WWII & Its Aftermath
1931-1955
Section 1:
From Appeasement to War
• What events unfolded
between Chamberlain’s
declaration of “peace for our
time” and the outbreak of a
world war?
Aggression Goes Unchecked
1930s
• Mussolini, Hitler and leaders of Japan
viewed desire for peace as weakness and
responded with new acts of aggression
• Japan  Manchuria & Eastern China
• Italy  Ethiopia
• Hitler  Goes against Treaty of Versailles
• Spain  Civil War
APPEASMENT
• Giving into the demands of an aggressor
to keep the peace
Reasons for Appeasement:
1. France demoralized and
weak; could not take on Hitler
without British support
2. British no desire to confront
Hitler; believed terms of
Treaty of Versailles were too
harsh
3. Widespread pacifism:
opposition to all war
4. Saw Hitler and fascism as
the lesser of two evils!
…Hitler vs. Soviet
Communism
Neutrality Acts
US Foreign Policy (1930s) – Passed by
Congress
1. Forbade the sale of weapons to any
nation at war
2. No loans to warring nations
3. No Americans allowed on ships of
warring nations
GOAL: to prevent US from getting involved
in another war!!!!!
AXIS POWERS
Capital
Rome
Berlin
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Italy
Germany
Country
Leader
Mussolini
Hitler
Tokyo
Japan
Tojo
They agreed to fight Soviet Communism &
not interfere with one another’s plans for
territorial expansion
Spanish Civil War
•
•
•
1936, a local struggle in Spain polarized public opinion throughout Europe.
It started in 1931, when popular unrest against the old order forced the king
to leave Spain.
Leftist demanded more radical reforms and the conservatives (backed by
the military) rejected change.
FRANCISCO FRANCO: CONSERVATIVE GENERAL LED A REVOLT
THAT TOUCHED OFF A BLOODY CIVIL WAR.
LOYALIST
NATIONALIST
• Supporters of the republic
• Fascist right-winged supporters
• Communists, Socialist, and
those who wanted democracy
• FRANCISCO FRANCO
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms
to help Franco
• Soviet Union and Spanish
Loyalist helped
• FRANCO triumphed in 1939.
German Aggression Continues
• Hitler continued to pursue his goal of bringing all
German-speaking people into the Third Reich.
He also took steps to gain living space for
Germans in Eastern Europe.
German Aggression
March 1938
Anschluss: Union of Austria & Germany
September 1938 Sudetenland
March 1939
Czechoslovakia
August1939
Nazi-Soviet Pact
September 1939 Invasion of Poland
“Peace for our time”
• British Prime Minister: Neville
Chamberlain
• Munich Conference (Sep1938) British
and French leaders chose appeasement
• They caved in to Hitler’s demands and
then persuaded Czechs to surrender
Sudetenland
• The MUNICH PACT was thought
to have saved Europe from
destruction
Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Germany & Soviet Union
• This bound Hitler & Stalin to peaceful
relations
• Secretly, the two agreed not to fight if the
other went to war and to divide up Poland
and other parts of Eastern Europe
between them
• The pact was based not on friendship or
respect but on mutual need
Invasion of Poland
SEPTEMBER
ST
1 ,
1939
• A week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces
invade Poland
• Two days later, Britain and France declared war on
Germany
WWII BEGINS
Section 2:
The Axis Advances
• Which regions were
attacked and occupied by
the Axis powers, and what
was life like under their
occupation?
• Diplomacy and compromise had not
satisfied the Axis powers’ hunger for
empire. Western democracies had hoped
that appeasement would help establish a
peaceful world order. But Nazi Germany,
Fascist Italy, and imperial Japan plunged
ahead with their plans for conquest!
September
1st, 1939
German invasion of
Poland. WWII
Begins!
Blitzkrieg
“Lightning War”
Lightning War
- tactic of overwhelming the enemy
force
1. German planes bomb all
airfields,
factories, and cities
2. Tanks and troop transports
quickly move in to eliminate all
other threats on the ground
(soldiers/citizens)
Luftwaffe
• German Air force
• They bombed:
– Airfields
– Factories
– Cities
Poland Dismantled
• USSR took lands promised to them in the Nazi-Soviet Pact
• The polish army fought back unsuccessfully
• Within a month, Poland ceased to exist
GERMANY
attacked from the
WEST
USSR attacked
from the EAST
The Spring Offensive
- -Hitler passed the winter (Dec 1939Feb 1940) without further military
action.
April 1940
- Hitler launched the blitzkrieg against
Norway and Denmark, both quickly
fell to the Germans.
- German troops then attacked the
Netherlands and Belgium.
Miracle at Dunkirk
• France prepared for attack
and hunkered down behind
the Maginot Line
• Great Britain sent troops to
strengthen the French Lines
• The Germans bypass the
Maginot Line and pierce the
French Lines
• French & British begin
retreating towards the English
Channel
Miracle at Dunkirk
- Retreating British forces were soon trapped
between the advancing Nazis and the waters of
the English Channel
- The British sent all available naval vessels:
merchant ships, fishing boats, and even
passenger ships to pluck stranded troops off the
beaches of Dunkirk.
- This "Armada" ferried more than 300,000 troops
to safety in Britain.
France falls to the Germans
- The German army attacked from the North and then
marched South towards Paris.
- Italy declared war on France and attacked from the
south.
- France quickly surrendered (June 22, 1940)
- Germans occupied France and established a
"Puppet Government" with its capital in Vichy.
- The French that escaped to Britain established their
own government (in-exile) led by General Charles
de Gaulle. They organized a French resistance
movement to fight the Germans at home.
Operation Sea Lion
• The German plan for invading Britain.
• With the fall of France in June 1940, Great
Britain stood alone in Western Europe.
• Hitler planned on Britain surrendering…
• British Prime Minister – Winston Churchill
– He rallied his citizens to FIGHT
The London Blitz
Aug. 1940 - German bombers begin a daily
bombardment of England's
Southern coast.
- The British Royal air force fought to protect the
nation
- The German air force changed their tactics
and began to bomb civilian targets instead of
military ones.
- bombed cities in and around London
- Germans bombed London for 57 straight days
- 40,000 were killed and most of London was
demolished
The Blitz fails
- the bombing had the reverse effect
on British citizens
- they became more determined to
fight the Germans
- Operation Sea Lion was canceled
and Hitler set his eyes on a new
target - the Soviet Union.
- This decision would ultimately cost
German the war
Africa & the Balkans
• Axis Armies push into Northern Africa
• Germany’s brilliant commander “The
Desert Fox” – General Erwin Rommel
• Under his command, the Germans force
the British to retreat
• By 1941, the Axis Powers controlled
MOST of Western Europe!!!
Operation Barbarossa
• The German invasion of the Soviet Union
• After the failure of Britain, Hitler turned his
military might to a new target – the
SOVIET UNION!
• 3 million German troops invade the
Soviet Union
• Stalin was caught off guard and was
still hurting from the Great Purge.
• Soviets lost 2 ½ million soldiers trying
to fend off the invaders
• As the Soviets retreated, they
destroyed factories and farm
equipment, and burned crops to keep
them out of enemy hands. This is
known as scortched-earth policy.
Siege of Leningrad
• 1941, the 2 ½ year siege of Leningrad
began
• More than a million Leningraders died in
the siege, BUT THE CITY DID NOT
FALL TO THE GERMANS!
Hitler’s New Order
• Grew out of his racial obsession…belief in
the “MASTER RACE”
• The inferior races were shoved aside for
more LIVING SPACE for the Germans, the
strongest of the Aryans.
• Occupied lands were an economic
resource
• Concentration Camps & Death Camps
American Involvement Grows
• When the war began, the US declared its
neutrality
• FDR found ways around the Neutrality
Acts to provide aid and supplies to Britain
• LEND-LEASE ACT: allowed the US to sell
or lend war materials to “any country
whose defense the President deems vital
to the defense of the United States.”
Japan
• From the late 1930s, Japan had been
trying to conquer China
• To stop Japanese Aggression, the US
banned the sale of war materials, such
as iron, steel, and oil to Japan. THIS
ANGERED JAPAN!
Pearl Harbor
• December 7th, 1941
• “A date which will live in infamy” – FDR
• Japanese airplane bombed the American
fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
• The attack took the lives of 2,400 people
and destroyed battleships and aircraft
• It DIRECTLY brings the US into WWII
Japanese Internment
• As a result of Pearl Harbor, Japanese
American and Japanese Canadians are
placed in Internment Camps.
Section 3:
The Allies Turn the Tide
• How did the Allies begin to
push back the Axis powers?
Total War
• When the nation devotes its entire
resources to the war effort.
Governments Begin to
Increase Their Power
1. They directed economic resources into
the war effort
2. Food rations
3. War bonds
4. Prices and wages regulated
5. Rights of citizens were limited
6. Press was censored
7. Propaganda to win public support
8. Japanese Internment Camps
“Rosie the Riveter”
• As men joined the military,
millions of women around the
world replaced them in
essential war industry jobs.
– They built ships, planes and
produced munitions
– British and American women
served in the armed forces in
auxiliary roles: the drove
ambulances, delivered airplanes,
and decoded messages
Turning Point of the War
• The years 1942-1943 marked the turning
point of the war. The Allies won victories
on four fronts- the Pacific, North Africa &
Italy, the Soviet Union, and France- to
push back the Axis tide.
• FRONT: Where the fighting takes place
Battle of the Coral Sea
• First time in naval history that the enemy
never saw each other. Attacks were
carried out on aircraft carriers. Japanese
suffered their first major setback.
Battle of Midway
• Fought entirely from the air!
• The battle was a devastating blow to the
Japanese.
• Japan was unable to launch any more
offensive operations
Battle of El Alamein
• Allies were finally able to halt the “Desert
Fox”
Sicily
• July 1943 Allied forces land in Sicily.
Italian forces were defeated within a
month. Mussolini was overthrown.
Stalingrad
• Major turning point in the Soviet Union
• Germans were stalled outside of Moscow
and Leningrad
• One of costliest battles in the war
• Stalin was determined to defend “his” city
• German surrendered!
D-Day
•
•
•
•
June 6th, 1944
Allied invasion of France
Within a month, all of France was FREE
It was the largest amphibious (land &
water) invasion in history
• More than 156,000 Allied troops landed on
the beaches of Normandy
The Big Three
• Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
• After the US entered the war, the Allied
leaders met periodically to hammer out
their strategy.
• In 1942, the “Big Three” agreed to focus
on finishing the war in Europe before
trying to end the war in Asia.
• The Allied distrusted on another. None of
them wanted to risk the breakdown of their
alliance, however.
Allies Continue to Advance
• For two years, Allied bombers bombarded
German military bases, factories, railroad,
oil depots, and cities. The goal of this type
of bombing was to cripple Germany’s
industries and destroy the morale of its
civilians.
Battle of the Bulge
• Last massive counterattack by the Germans
• German defeat seemed inevitable
Yalta Conference
• At the Yalta Conference, the three leaders
agreed that the Soviet Union would enter
the war against Japan within three months
of Germany’s surrender.
• In return, Churchill and FDR promised
Stalin that he could take possession of
several areas and that Germany would be
divided into FOUR zones.
Section 4:
Victory in Europe & the Pacific
• How did the Allies finally
defeat the Axis powers?
Nazis Defeated
• By 1945, the Allies had crossed the Rhine
into Western Germany.
• From the east, Soviet troops closed in on
Berlin.
• American & Russian soldiers met and
shook hands. All over Europe, Axis
armies began to surrender.
• In Italy, guerrillas captured and executed
Mussolini.
• Hitler committed Suicide
• May 7, 1945 Germany Surrendered
V-E Day
• May 8th, 1945  Victory in Europe
Why were the Allies able to
defeat the Axis powers?
1. Location of Germany – they had to fight on
several fronts simultaneously
2. Hitler made poor military decisions
3. He underestimated the army of the Soviet
Union
4. The enormous productive capacity of the US
5. Allied bombing hindered German production
6. Oil was scarce for the Luftwaffe
Struggle for the Pacific
• Until mid-1942, the
Japanese had won an
uninterrupted series of
victories.
• The Japanese controlled
much of Southeast Asia
and many Pacific islands.
• By 1942, the Japanese
had gained control of the
Philippines.
Bataan Death March
• By May 1942, Japanese soldiers killed
several hundred American soldiers and as
many as 10,000 Filipino soldiers as they
were forced to march 65 miles.
“Island-Hopping”
• The Goal: to recapture some
Japanese-held islands while
bypassing others.
• The captured islands served as
stepping stones to the next
objective.
• The American forces were led by
General Douglas MacArthur.
• By 1944, US Allied forces gradually
moved north to Japan.
Island Hopping with MacAurthor
Invasion VS Bomb
• The Japanese
displayed they would
fight to the death rather
than surrender.
• Iwo Jima & Okinawa
• Japanese men chose to
become Kamikaze
pilots  Suicide
missions
Manhattan Project
• The race to harness the Atomic Bomb
Atomic Bomb
• Harry Truman had taken office after FDR
died unexpectedly on April 12th, 1945.
• He had the decision to invade and risk
American lives or to drop the bomb.
• He decided to use the new weapon
against Japan.
Hiroshima
• August 6, 1945  First bomb dropped
• Instantly killed more than 70,000 people
Nagasaki
• August 9, 1945  Second bomb dropped
on Nagasaki
• More than 40,000 people killed instantly .
Japanese Surrender
• Finally on August 10, 1945, Emperor
Hirohito forced the government to
surrender.
• September 2, 1945, the formal peace
treaty was signed on board the American
battleship Missouri.
Section 5:
The End of World War II
• What issues arose in the
aftermath of WWII and how
did new tensions develop?
Chapter 17: Section 5
"From World War to Cold War"
Casualties of WWII
United States
Britain
292,000
389,000
Soviet Union
22 million
(soldiers and civilians)
8 million
(soldiers and civilians)
Germany
Worldwide - 75 million died as result of WWII
War Crimes Trials
- Axis Leaders were tried for "crimes against
humanity"
- trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany
- 177 Germans tried/142 found guilty
- a number or top Nazis were sentenced to
death
- Rudolf Hess: Deputy to the Fuhrer and Nazi
Party Leader
- Hermann Goering - head of Luftwaffe (Air
Force) President of Reichstag, Director of
"Final solution"
Horrors of the Holocaust
Courtroom scene showing defendants in the Major War
Criminals Trial
The United
Nations
- The United Nations
officially came into
existence on October
24, 1945.
- Designed to be
an international
organization that
ensures world peace.
The Security Council
(major force in the UN)
- made up of 5 permanent members
- the US, Russia, Great Britain, France, and
China
- designed to ensure peace between major
powers
- The UN does much more than peacekeeping
- They take on many of the world's problems:
poverty, prevention of disease, improving
education, etc.
The War Time Alliance
Breaks Apart
- conflicting ideals and mutual distrust led
to a break in the alliance between the
US, Britain and the Soviet Union
- a cold war soon develops
Cold War
- The political, military, and economic
competition for global control between
the United States and the Soviet Union
from 1945 to 1991
- a state of political conflict using any
means short of armed warfare
Europe, the focus of the Cold
War
- Stalin wanted to control Eastern Europe and
spread communism into the area
- The Soviets already had soldiers in all nations to
the east of Berlin, Germany
- Stalin promised to allow "free elections" in these
nations, but Churchill and Truman didn't trust him
- by 1948 Stalin had installed pro-soviet
governments across Europe
- Churchill said the Soviets has put in place an "Iron
Curtain" dividing Europe (democratic/communist)
Truman
Doctrine
- 1947 President Truman announced a
new policy to Congress
- said the United States would "support
any free people who were resisting
outside pressures"
- made it clear that America would resist
Soviet expansion in Europe and
elsewhere in the world
Containment
- Idea of containing communism within its
own boundaries as a way to reduce its
influence.
- US policy from 1947 – 1980’s
- "Domino Theory” :
if we allowed one nation to fall to the
Communist the rest of the world would
do the same.
The Marshall Plan
- postwar Europeans faced poverty and hunger
- to promote democracy the US offered a
massive aid package, called the Marshall
Plan
- food and economic assistance were delivered
to those countries seeking to rebuild
- Billions of dollars poured into Europe
- Stalin forbid Eastern European countries from
accepting any aid from the US
Divisions in Germany
- Germany had been divided up after
WWII
West Germany
- controlled by US, Britain, France
- democratic government
- allowed to rebuild
East Germany
- controlled by the Soviet Union
- industries dismantled, prevented from
rebuilding
- communist government put in place
- German capital of Berlin was in this
sector of Germany
The Berlin Airlift
- Stalin tried to force the Allies
out of Berlin by blockading
every railroad and highway
into the city from 1948 -1949
- Massive US airlifts keep the
city and citizens alive by
flying food and fuel into the
city 24 hours a day for one
year.
- Soviets eventually lifted the
blockade
Military Alliances
- in 1949, the United States, Canada, and
9 Western European countries formed
NATO
- (NATO) - North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
- members pledged to help one another if
they were attacked
Warsaw Pact
- formed by the Soviet Union in 1955
- included USSR and 7 satellite countries
Arms Race
- each side in the Cold War armed itself to
withstand an attack by the other.
- USSR built their first atom bomb in 1949
and the race was on to produce as many
nuclear weapons as possible