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‫عمل الطالبات ‪:‬‬
‫اسماء جادهللا‬
‫فاطمة الحشاش‬
‫ختام الكفارنة‬
Breast cancer: is the
development of cancer
from breast tissue
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer




Female (1% male)
increase age
Relative (mother or
sister)
Menstrual history
 Early
menarche
 late menopause

Nulliparity
What Are the Symptoms of Breast Cancer?
Methods of Detection
 Mammography
 Monthly
(BSE)
breast self-exam
Breast Self Examination
Opportunity for woman
to become familiar with
her breasts
 Monthly exam of the
breasts and underarm
area
 May discover any
changes early
 Begin at age 20,
continue monthly

When to do BSE



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
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Menstruating women- 5 to 7
days after the beginning of
their period
Menopausal women same date each month
Pregnant women –
same date each month
Takes about 20 minutes
Perform BSE at least
once a month
Examine all breast tissue
Why don’t more women
practice BSE?
Fear
 Embarrassment
 Youth
 Lack of knowledge
 Too busy,

Mammography



It help detect very
small tumor long
before they might be
found abnormal breast
examination
It should be done at
40-50years repeated
every 1-2 years
Avoid do
mammography week
before period &don’t
use powder or cream
Breast Cancer Staging
Stage 0 – non-invasive breast cancer with •
no invasion of
surrounding tissue •
Stage I Breast Cancer
The tumor is small •
and has not spread
to the lymph nodes
measures
<2 cm and there is no
lymph node involvement
Stage II Breast Cancer
– the tumor measures at •
least 2 cm but <5 cm or
cancer has spread to the •
lymph nodes in the axilla
the same side of breast
Stage IIIb Breast Cancer
Stage IIIb breast cancer •
has spread to the chest
wall, or caused swelling
or ulceration of the
breast, or is diagnosed as
inflammatory breast
cancer
Stage IIIA Breast Cancer
tumor size is >5 cm or •
there is significant
lymph node •
involvement, where the
nodes stick to one
another or surrounding •
tissue
Stage IV Breast Cancer
Stage IV breast cancer can be any size and has •
spread to distant sites in the body, usually the
bones, lungs or liver, or chest wall
COMPLICATIONS of breast cancer
Anémia
Anorexie
Fatigue
Secondary infection
Depression
- Pretreatment assessment as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
history & physical examination.
chest x-ray.
complete blood count.
liver chemistries.
mammography of opposite breast.
bone scan or liver scan.
tumor markers (substance produced either
by tumor itself or by body in response to
tumor tissue) may be present in serum.
TREATMENT of breast cancer
Prompt Referral and Diagnosis 
Surgery 
Surgery may include:
– lumpectomy
– mastectomy
– lymphadenectomy
Chemotherapy treats the 
entire system by disrupting
the ability
of cancer cells to divide and grow.
A combination of drugs
is often used, as different drugs
attack cancer cells
radiotherapy involves 
the use of high-energy X-rays to
destroy the cancer cells. This painless
administration of X-rays
is usually given over a period of time to
optimize the
effect of destroying the cancer cells
Radiotherapy may reduce the risk of
recurrence
by 50–60%.
Hormone Therapy 
Estrogen-sensitive cancers comprise
50–75% of breast cancers.
Commonly-used hormone drugs include
anti-oestrogens
(e.g. tamoxifen), LHRH agonists (e.g.
Zoladex) and aromatase
Psychological Support
As many as 30% of women
diagnosed with breast cancer
will
develop a depressive illness
within a year of diagnosis. The
psychological impact of a
diagnosis of breast cancer
the input of the multi-disciplinary
team to support the
woman and her family.
Side effects of treatment:
– radiotherapy: lethargy, anorexia,
localized skin reactions
– chemotherapy
) nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue,
infections, mouth sores and irregular
menstruation
– hormone therapy: mood swings,
depression, weight
gain, hot flushes, bloating and early
menopause
Levels of prevention
1-primary prevention
-eat low fat diet
-maintain weight
2-seecondary prevention
-perform monthly breast self exam
-mammogram
3-tertiary prevention
-Breast reconstruction
-Arm exercise after surgery
exercise position to prevent lymph edema-