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Chapter 35 Section 1: The Digestive System Section 2: Nutrition Section 3: The Endocrine System Section 1: The Digestive System Objective Questions 1. What is the function of the digestive system? 2. What are the major organs involved? 3. What other systems does the digestive system work with? Function : to break down food into a form usable by cells Organs of the Digestive System • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver • Small intestine • Large intestine Organs Job Mouth Esophagus Enzyme mechanical and chemical digestion move food to stomach • Stomach Liver Pancreas mechanical and chemical digestion release enzyme to digest fat Pepsin, HCl Bile release enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins Small intestine Large intestine mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients reabsorption of water What Systems Work With The Digestive System? 1. Nervous System….. Hungry? Full? 2. Circulatory System… delivery Section 3 The Endocrine System Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System… Is composed of glands that release hormones directly into the blood stream. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Hormone: substance that acts on certain target cells and tissues to produce a specific response. Major Endocrine Glands In the head: Hypothalamus, Pituitary In the neck: Thyroid, Parathyroid In the upper torso: Thymus In the lower torso: Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovaries or Testes The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system. The Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland Regulates other glands and… growth, The Thyroid Gland controls metabolism and blood calcium The four parathyroid glands sit on the back side of the thyroid gland. They secrete a hormone that regulates blood calcium levels Adrenal Glands : Aldosterone – (Kidney)Sodium Levels Adrenalin/Norepinephrine – (Heart, metabolism) Fight or Flight Cortisol – Blood glucose levels (liver), inflammation control Pancreas Controls Blood Glucose Also many Levels Insulin: Digestive enzymes… Store glucose in Liver Glucagon: Release glucose into blood Hormone Regulation 1) antagonistic hormones (two hormones that have opposite effects). 2) feedback systems Most hormone systems use negative feedback Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Negative Feedback Negative feedback returns a system to a set point (normal) once moves away from that set point. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Our bodies function within a range. Threshold Set Point The range is found between the set point and a threshold. Figure 45.9 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals Figure 45.10 Glucose homeostasis maintained by insulin and glucagon Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System http://glencoe.m cgrawhill.com/olcweb/ cgi/pluginpop.cg i?it=swf::550::40 0::/sites/dl/free/0 078695104/383 961/Vis_Endocri ne_System.swf:: Visualizing the Endocrine System http://glencoe.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/plu ginpop.cgi?it=swf::550 ::400::/sites/dl/free/007 8695104/383961/Vis_ Endocrine_System.sw f::Visualizing the Endocrine System From drive Visualizing the Endocrine System Diabetes: an Endocrine System Disorder Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by stimulating body cells to absorb glucose. Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose into the blood stream. Insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus: a condition of abnormally high blood glucose concentration. 2 types of diabetes: I and II. Type I diabetes is a severe childhood disorder in which insulin-producing cells die. Usually treated by daily injections of insulin into the blood. Type II diabetes occurs usually after age 40, more common and less severe than type I. Although it’s hereditary, onset usually co-relates with obesity. Can be controlled with diet and exercise. Results of insulin loss: dehydration, kidney damage, neuropathy, nausea, diabetic coma, sometimes death. There are two basic types of hormones… Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Steroid Hormones: All steroid hormones cause target cells to begin protein synthesis. Bind to receptors inside target cells Examples of steroid hormones include – Estrogen – Testosterone Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Amino Acid Hormones Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids. They bind to receptors found on the plasma membrane of a target cell because they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems What Do I Need to Remember About the Endocrine System? *Several glands in body… secrete hormones *Hypothalamus= links nervous and endocrine systems *Pituitary: Master Gland *Regulate body to maintain homeostasis *Most run on negative feedback, but some have antagonistic pairs. (see next slide) Important Hormones Calcium : Thyroid/Parathyroid – Calcitonin Regulation and Parathyroid Hormone Blood Sugar: Pancreas –Insulin/Glucagon Regulation Metabolism: Thyroid –Thyroxine Regulation Growth: Regulation Pituitary – HGH The End Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Negative Feedback Internal feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands and their hormones Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland Situated at the base of the brain Secretes hormones that regulate many body functions Regulates other endocrine glands • Examples of pituitary hormones: – Human Growth Hormone – TSH : thyroid to release thyroxine – FSH • Females :release of estrogen • Males: growth of sperm – LH • Females release of egg and progesterone in ovary • Males release of testosterone in the testes Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid: Thyroxine causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of metabolism. Calcitonin is a hormone that is partly responsible for the regulation of calcium by lowering blood calcium (bones, kidneys) Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. Tells bones to release calcium or kidneys and intestines to reabsorb more calcium Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Pancreas Crucial role in the production of enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which work together to maintain homeostasis Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Link to the Nervous System The hypothalamus produces two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions in homeostasis by regulating water balance. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down starches into sugars? A. amylase B. appendix C. peristalsis D. pepsin Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Diagnostic Questions Cellulose is an example of what type of food? A. fat B. protein C. carbohydrate D. vegetable Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight” response? A. adrenal B. pituitary C. parathyroid D. thyroid Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions What type of digestion is carried out by the action of smooth muscles in the stomach and small intestine? A. chemical digestion B. mechanical digestion Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions Where does the chemical digestion of starches begin? A. mouth B. stomach C. small intestine D. large intestine Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin most active? A. acidic solution B. buffered solution C. gaseous solution D. concentrated sugar solution Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions What is the primary function of the large intestine? A. absorption of water from chyme B. chemical breakdown of feces C. excretion of acids and hormones D. mechanical digestion of lipids Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions What is glycogen? A. a complex carbohydrate found in fruits B. a form of glucose stored in the liver C. a lipoprotein found in meat and fish D. a simple sugar carried by the blood Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions True or False Fats are an important part of a healthy diet. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions What nutrients are released by the digestion of proteins, absorbed into the bloodstream, and reassembled into proteins in body cells? A. amino acids B. folic acids C. glycerols D. vitamins Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions Which nutrients contain the most energy, gram for gram? A. carbohydrates B. fats C. proteins D. vitamins Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions Which substances are necessary for proper nerve conduction and muscle contraction? A. Vitamins A and E B. Vitamins B2, B6, and B12 C. the minerals Ca, Na, and K D. the minerals Fe, Cu, and Zn Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions Which type of hormone sends a message from outside the cell to an enzyme inside the cell? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions A. amino acid hormone B. diuretic hormone C. steroid hormone D. transmembrane hormone Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions Which gland responds to a stressful situation by producing a hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood sugar levels? A. adrenal gland B. hypothalamus C. parathyroid gland D. pituitary gland Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions What other two hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands? A. aldosterone and cortisol B. calcitonin and PTH C. estrogen and hGH D. oxytocin and ADH Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions How does this system maintain homeostasis through negative feedback? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions A. It combines the affects of two different endocrine glands. B. It inhibits the affect of hormones other than ADH. C. It involves both the endocrine and nervous systems. D. It maintains a particular range of water volume in the blood. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions Describe what causes heartburn. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part of the stomach leaks, some of the acid moves into the esophagus causing heartburn. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions Describe the function of the antidiuretic hormone. A. absorb sodium B. raise blood glucose levels C. regulate water balance D. lower blood calcium Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions What is the primary function of the liver? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions A. produce enzymes B. produce hormones C. produce bile D. produce protein Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Which organ stores bile and releases it when needed? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice How does this structure aid in the digestive process? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice A. It increases surface area. B. It mechanically digests food. C. It secretes digestive enzymes. D. It traps foreign particles. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice True or False People should minimize their intake of foods that contain cellulose because humans cannot digest cellulose. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Which types of fats are found in corn oil and olive oil? A. saturated fats B. unsaturated fats Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Why does the body need vitamins? A. They provide energy. B. They are used to build cells. C. They help enzymes to function. D. They recycle nutrient molecules. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Which hormone is more likely to be secreted by the pancreas during intense exercise? A. glucagon B. insulin Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Image Bank Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Vocabulary Section 1 mechanical digestion liver chemical digestion villus amylase large intestine esophagus peristalsis pepsin small intestine Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Vocabulary Section 2 nutrition Calorie vitamin mineral Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Vocabulary Section 3 endocrine gland glucagon hormone aldosterone pituitary gland cortisol thyroxine antidiuretic hormone calcitonin parathyroid hormone insulin Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Animation Smooth Muscle Contraction Steroid Hormone Stimulation Amino Acid Hormone Stimulation Visualizing the Endocrine System