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1 IC APPLICATIONS Lab IC APPLICATIONS LAB III B.Tech- I Semester DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Devineni Venkata Ramana & Dr. Hima Sekhar MIC College of Technology 2014-2015 DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 2 IC APPLICATIONS Lab INDEX S. No. Date Name Of the Experiment 1 Study of OP AMPs – IC 741, IC 555, IC 565, IC 566, IC 1496 – functioning, parameters and Specifications 2 OP AMP Applications – Adder, Subtractor, Comparator Circuits 3 Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC 741 4 Active Filter Applications – LPF, HPF (first order) 5 Active Filter Applications – BPF, Band Reject (Wideband) and Notch Filters. 6 IC 741 Oscillator Circuits – Phase Shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators. 7 Function Generator using OP AMPs. 8 IC 555 Timer – Monostable Operation Circuit. 9 IC 555 Timer – Astable Operation Circuit. 10 Schmitt Trigger Circuits – using IC 741 and IC 555. 11 IC 565 – PLL Applications. 12 IC 566 – VCO Applications. 13 Voltage Regulator using IC 723. 14 Three Terminal Voltage Regulators – 7805, 7809, 7912. 15 4 bit DAC using OP AMP Signature DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 3 IC APPLICATIONS Lab LAB CODE Students should report to the lab as per the time table schedule. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled for the day. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff incharge in the observation book is necessary. Students should bring observation book and should enter the readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in-charge The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among different groups will be permitted later. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores incharge after duly filling in the requisition form. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose .Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously by putting penalty. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment coming to Laboratory. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintained neatly and to be returned after the experiment. DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 4 IC APPLICATIONS Lab EXP:1 DATE: Study of OP AMPs – IC 741, IC 555, IC 565, IC 566, IC 1496 functioning, parameters and Specifications AIM: To study - IC 741 , IC 555, IC 565, IC 566, IC 1496 - functioning , parameters and specifications APPARATUS REQUIRED: COMPONENTS: 1. IC --- 741,555,565, 566 and 1496-1 no. each EQUIPMENTS: 1. Breadboard. PRINCIPLE: The op amp is an universal analog IC because it performs all analog tasks. It can function as a line driver, comparator, amplifier, level shifter, oscillator, filter, signal conditioner, actuator driver, current source, voltage source, and many other applications. IC– 741 is a popular op-amp and it is available in 8-pin DIP package. Fig 1 shows the Symbol and pin configuration details of 741 IC Op- Amp. Fig 1. IC-741 OP-AMP PIN DETAILS AND SYMBOL DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 5 IC APPLICATIONS Lab DATA SHEET FOR IC –µA741 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Supply Voltage Differential Input Voltage Input Off Set Voltage Input Offset Current Input Bias Current Power Supply Rejection Ratio Power Dissipation Input Impedance Band Width +22 V +30 V 20 mV MAX. 30 nA 80 nA 50 V/V 80-150 MW 2 MΩ 1.5 MHZ OP Amp Power supply connections, characteristics measurement setup are shown below fig2. Basic ideal op amp parameters OP Amp as Inverting Amplifier circuit as shown below fig 3. fig 3. DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 6 IC APPLICATIONS Lab IC 555 The IC 555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. It is a timer and it can be used to construct timing circuits in two modes such as an Astable and Monostable multivibrators. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA. It is available as an 8- pin mini DIP-package as shown in fig4. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Operations on +5 to +18 V supply voltage. Adjustable duty cycle. Timing from microseconds through hours. High current output. Capacity to source or sink current of 200 mA. 6. Reliable, easy to use, and low cost. Applications 1. Precision timing 2. Pulse generation 3. Sequential timing 4. Time delay generation 5. Pulse width modulation 6. Pulse position modulation 7. Linear ramp generator Fig 6. PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF IC 555 TIMER Fig4. IC 555 Pin Diagram. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Electrical Characteristics- DATA SHEET FOR IC 555 Trigger Voltage Range + 5 V to +15 V Operating Voltage Range + 4.5 V to +16 V Supply Current 3 mA to 15mA. Trigger Current 0.5 µA to 0.9 µA. Output Low 200 mV +15 Supply Rise Time of Output 100 n Sec. Fall Time of Output 100 n Sec. DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 7 IC APPLICATIONS Lab IC –565 The LM565 is general purpose phase locked loop IC containing a stable, highly linear voltage controlled oscillator for low distortion FM demodulation, and a double balanced phase detector with good carrier suppression. The VCO frequency is set with an external resistor and capacitor, and a tuning range of 10:1 can be obtained with the same capacitor. The characteristics of the closed loop system bandwidth, response speed, capture and pull in Range may be adjusted over a wide range with an external resistor and capacitor. The loop may be broken between the VCO and the phase detector for insertion of a digital frequency divider to obtain frequency multiplication. IC – 565 is a Monolithic Phase Locked Loop available in 14-pin DIP package and its pin out diagram is shown in fig 5. The data sheet for IC-565 is shown in table. Fig 5. PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF IC 565 DATA SHEET FOR IC 565 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Operating Frequency Range Operating Voltage Range Input Level Input Impedance Triangular Wave Amplitude Square Wave Amplitude Band Width Adjustment Range Features Power supply range of + 5 to + 12 volts Linear triangle wave with in phase zero crossings available TTL and DTL compatible phase detector input and square wave output Output Voltage 3V Output Impedance 5kΩ Output Offset Voltage 100mV 0.001 Hz to 500 k Hz 6 V to 12 V 10 mv rms to min TO 3 V PP max. 10 KΩ 2.4 V PP at 6 v Supply 5.4 V PP at 6 v Supply < 1 TO > 60% Applications Data and tape synchronization Modems FSK demodulation FM demodulation Frequency synthesizer Tone decoding Frequency multiplication and division Telemetry receivers Signal regeneration Coherent demodulators DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 8 IC APPLICATIONS Lab IC – LM1496 The LM1496 is a balanced modulator-demodulator. which produce an output voltage proportional to the product of an input (signal) voltage and a switching (carrier) signal. Typical applications are suppressed carrier modulation, amplitude modulation, synchronous detection, FM or PM detection, broadband frequency doubling and chopping. IC – 1496 is available in 14-pin DIP package and its pin out diagram is shown in fig 6 DATA SHEET FOR IC LM1496 Internal Power Dissipation (Note 1) 500 mW Applied Voltage (Note 2) 30V Differential Input Signal (V7 b V8) g5.0V Differential Input Signal (V4 b V1) g(5aI5R0)V Input Signal (V2 b V1, V3bV4) 5.0V Bias Current (I5) 12 mA Operating Temperature Range 00C to a700C FEATURES Excellent carrier suppression 65 dB typical at 0.5 MHz Adjustable gain and signal handling Fully balanced inputs and outputs Low offset and drift Wide frequency response up to 100 MHz Fig 6. LM1496 Pin Diagram DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 9 IC APPLICATIONS Lab PRECAUTIONS: 1. Switch on the power supply only when the circuit is correctly connected. 2. Ensure power supply voltage before applying it to the main device. 3. Don’t exceed the limits of the ratings of the devices Always use a straight lead probe to insert into the breadboard. 4. Apply proper grounding for IC’s. 5. Check the starting pin number for each IC indicated with a dot as starting pin. 6. Use IC remover to remove IC from breadboard to avoid damage of pins of IC. 7. Don’t touch the pins of IC’s while power on. 8. Don’t bend the pins of IC’s. 9. Insert the components into the breadboard firmly. 10. Loose contact may result in error at output. RESULT: Functioning , parameters and specifications of linear Integrated circuits such as - IC 741, IC 555, IC 565 and LM1496 are studied. Signature of Staff Member DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 10 IC APPLICATIONS Lab EXP:2 DATE: OP AMP APPLICATIONS – ADDER, SUBTRACTOR AND COMPARATOR CIRCUITS AIM: To construct the Adder, Subtractor and Comparator circuits using IC 741. APPARATUS: Components: 1. IC 741 Op-Amp, 2. Resistor --- 1KΩ - 4 3. Resistors --- 1 KΩ. Equipment: 1. CRO, 2. Bread board, 3. Power supply. 4. Function generator. ADDER: An adder circuit can be made by connecting more inputs to the inverting op amp as shown in Figure 1. The opposite end of the resistor connected to the inverting inputs. Voltages are summed by applying the signals to the same input of the amplifier. Output is inverted algebraic sum of inputs. (a) (b) FIG 1. OP-AMP (a) INVERTING (b) NON INVERTING ADDER DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 11 IC APPLICATIONS Lab PROCEDURE: 1. Apply a sine wave from function generator of 2 V peak to peak at input 1 with 1kHz frequency. 2. Apply another sine wave signal from other function generator of 1 V peak to peak at input 2 with 1 KHz frequency. 3. Observe the output on C.R.O. it is the addition of two input signals and amplitude will be of 3 V peak to peak with same frequency. 4. Draw the relevant waveforms. DC analysis 1. Repeat the same procedure by applying DC voltages and measure output using DMM and tabulate the values. S.No. V1( Volts) V2 ( Volts) V0=V1+V2 (Theoretical Value) V0=V1+V2 (Practical Value) 1 2 3 4 5 SUBTRACTOR: Let V1 and V2 are two inputs applied to the inverting terminal and Non – inverting terminals of op-amp through R1and R2 resistors as shown in fig.2. A feed back resistor Rf is connected between o/p and inverting i/p. Then the o/p will be the difference of two i/p voltages. FIG 2. OP-AMP SUBTRACTOR DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 12 IC APPLICATIONS Lab PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Apply some DC voltage from 1st power supply. Apply some DC voltage from 2nd power supply. Check the output on DMM or CRO Tabulate the values. OBSERVATIONS: S. No. V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) V0=V1-V2 (Theoretical Value) V0=V1-V2(Practical Value) 1 2 3 4 5 COMPARATOR: Comparator is a non-linear application of in open loop configuration. A Comparator circuit compares the input signal voltage with a reference voltage at the terminals of an open loop op amp. An inverting comparator circuit shown in fig 3 with input voltage applied to inverting terminal and Vref to non- inverting input terminal. The output voltage will be Vsat (= Vcc) and its transfer characteristics as shown in fig.4. The transfer characteristics for a practical comparator is shown. When Vi < Vref ; Vo= +Vsat When Vi>Vref ; Vo= -V sat When Vi < - Vref Vo = +Vsat Vi > - Vref Vo = - Vsat DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 13 IC APPLICATIONS Lab C) Comparator: 1. A fixed reference voltage Vref is applied to the (-) input, and to the other input a varying voltage Vin is applied as shown in Fig 3. 2. Vary the input voltage above and below the Vref and note down the output at pin 6 of 741 IC. 3. Observe that, when Vin is less than Vref, the output voltage is -Vsat ( - VEE) when Vin is greater than Vref, the output voltage is +Vsat (+VCC) RESULT: Signature of Staff Member DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 14 IC APPLICATIONS Lab EXP:3 DATE: Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC 741 AIM: To study Integrator and Differentiator circuits using IC 741 Op- Amp. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Components: 1. IC 741 Op-Amp, 2. Capacitors --- 0.1 μF 3. Resistors --- 1KΩ. Equipment: 1. CRO, 2. Bread board, 3. Power supply, 4. Function generator. PRINCIPLE: DIFFERENTIATOR An Op-Amp for differentiation is shown in fig 1. The circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. The non-inverting terminal is grounded. A resistor Rf is connected in feedback path and a Capacitor C is connected between the input signal source and the inverting terminal of the Op-Amp. The model graph as shown in fig 2. Fig1. Op Amp differentiator DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 15 IC APPLICATIONS Lab Let Vi = input voltage Vg = the voltage at the inverting input Vo = output voltage. A = Open-loop Gain of the Op-Amp The current equation at the node A is Ic = Ib + If But Ib =0, So Ic = If Ic = C d/dt [Vi – Vg] And Therefore Ii = [Vg-Vo]/ Rf C d/dt[Vi -Vg] = [Vg-Vo]/ Rf But Vo = A/Vg As gain “A” is very high, Vg should be very small. Hence Vg = 0. So C dVi /dt = -Vo/ Rf Vo = - Rf C d/dt[Vi] I.e., the output voltage is a derivative of the input voltage. MODEL WAVEFORMS: Vi Vi t t Vo Vo t Fig 2. DIFFERENTIATOR WAVEFORMS t Fig 3. INTEGRATOR WAVEFORMS DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 16 IC APPLICATIONS Lab INTEGRATOR An OP-Amp circuit for integration is shown in fig4. The output voltage waveform of this circuit is the integral of input voltage. A Capacitor C is connected in feed back path and a Resistor Ri is connected as the input element. The non- inverting input is grounded. The model graph as shown in fig 3. Fig 4. Op Amp integrator Let Vi = input voltage Vg = the voltage at the inverting input Vo = output voltage. A = Open-loop Gain of the Op-Amp The current equation at the node A is Ic = Ib + If But Ib =0, so Ic = If Ii = [Vi -Vg]/Ri If = C d/dt [Vg-Vo] Therefore C d/dt[Vg-Vo] = [Vi -Vg]/Ri But Vo = A/Vg As” A” is very high, Vg should be very small. Hence Vg = 0. Vi/Ri = -Cd/dt[Vo] ∫ Vi /Ri = ∫Cd/dt[Vo] ∫ [Vi /Ri] dt = -C Vo Therefore Vo = -1/RiC∫ Vi dt. The equation shows that the output voltage is an integral of the input voltage. The integral is multiplied by a constant of proportionality 1/Rc. DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 17 IC APPLICATIONS Lab PROCEDURE: DIFFERENTIATOR: 1. Insert the Op-Amp IC 741 into the breadboard correctly. 2. Connect the power supply to the pin 7 with a positive voltage of 15 V and ground the other. 3. Connect the 2nd power supply negative voltage of 15 V to the pin 4 and ground the positive terminal. 4. A resistor R is connected in feedback path between the pin 2 and 6. 5. A Capacitor C is connected at the pin 2 and other end is to be connected to a function generator output. 6. The non- inverting terminal pin 3 is to be grounded. 7. Take output at pin6. 8. Apply a square wave of 500 Hz frequency. 9. Observe the output waveform on CRO. 10. Set the frequency equal to the time period t = RC and Observe the output waveform on CRO. 11. Set the frequency equal to 10 times the time period[ t >> RC] and Observe the output waveform on CRO. 12. Set the frequency equal to 10 times less the time period [t <<RC] and observe the output waveform on CRO. INTEGRATOR: Connect the circuit as shown by interchanging the Capacitor and Resistors and do the same as done in differentiator. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Switch on the power supply only when the circuit is correctly connected. 2. Ensure power supply voltage before applying it to the main device. 3. Don’t exceed the limits of the ratings of the devices Always use a straight lead probe to insert into the breadboard. 4. Apply proper grounding for IC’s. 5. Check the starting pin number for each IC indicated with a dot as starting pin. 6. Use IC remover to remove IC from breadboard to avoid damage of pins of IC. 7. Don’t touch the pins of IC’s while power on. 8. Loose contact may result in error at output. RESULT: Signature of Staff Member DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 18 IC APPLICATIONS Lab Signature of Staff Member DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology 19 IC APPLICATIONS Lab Signature of Staff Member DVR & Dr.HS MIC College of Technology