Download 2017 Human Body Test 1 Study Guide

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2017 Human Body Test 1 Study Guide
1. List the organization of organisms from atoms to organism. Provide an example for each
category.
atom
H
molecule
H 2O
organelle
nucleus
cell
skin cell
tissue
epithelial
organ
skin
organ system
integumentary
organism
human
2. List the four types of tissue and the function of each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
connective – joins, supports, and protects
epithelial – covers body surface and lines organs, protection
nervous – sends and receives signals/messages
muscular – skeletal muscle (movement), smooth muscle (organs & blood vessels), and cardiac
muscle (heart muscle)
3. Complete the following body system summary table:
Body System
respiratory
Function
inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
digestive
breaks down food into nutrients that the body’s cells
can absorb
integumentary
outer protection for body (skin, hair, nails, sweat
glands)
nervous
sends and receives messages
circulatory
transports materials (nutrients, water, wastes, gases)
throughout body (heart = cardiac muscle)
protection against disease
immune
4. Define homeostasis and provide 2 examples.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable (healthy) internal environment.
Your body needs to maintain an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Your body needs to maintain an appropriate level of oxygen for cells to work properly.
other examples: insulin, glucose, heart rate, blood pressure
5. Identify how the body systems listed below would react if you were running outside on a very hot
day. Provide details.
integumentary – your body would sweat to cool your body temperature
respiratory – you would breathe faster to get more oxygen to your cells (for cellular respiration) and
to remove carbon dioxide faster
circulatory – (blood vessels and heart) – your surface blood vessels would dilate to cool your body
and your heart would beat faster to move blood quickly through the body
urinary – you would lose less fluid through your urinary system
6. List and explain the main functions of bones:
1. protects organs
2. movement of body
3. produces blood cells
4. structure/support
5. stores minerals/fats
7.
Explain the advantage of having:
a. small (or short) bones – flexibility, small/precise movement, balance
b. long bones - strength/support, large movements
c. flat bones – protection of organs
8. Identify the location of the following bones: clavicle, cranium, femur, fibula, humerus,
mandible, patella, pelvis, phalanges, radius, ribs, scapula, sternum, tibia, ulna, vertebrae
9. Identify where the following joints are located and their movement.
Joint
1. fixed
2. partially fixed
Location
skull
Movement________
none
ribs
small movements up and down
(ribs move up to allow you to inhale; ribs move down as you exhale)
3. ball & socket
shoulder/hip
360° (circular)
4. hinge
elbow, knee, jaw
open/close; bend/extend
5. gliding
wrist, ankle
multiple
10. What is the name of the tissue that is found on the ends of bones? What is
its function?
cartilage is a connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber to cushions the ends of bones to
prevent them from rubbing against each other
11. How are ligaments and tendons similar? How are they different? Explain.


they are both connective tissue
ligaments connect bones at skeletal joints; tendons connect muscle to bones
12. What does red marrow produce?
red marrow (located in the spongy bone section of long bones, and in flat & irregular
bones) produces red and white blood cells
13. Summarize how a human bone heals. Include relevant vocabulary.






The injury is flooded with natural painkillers called endorphins, which temporarily block
out pain.
An injury will swell because the body is sending extra oxygen and nutrients to the injury
to begin the healing process.
A large hematoma, which is a collection of blood, surrounds the break in the bone.
Within four weeks the hematoma will harden around the break, making the injured area
extra strong.
Over the next several months, osteoclasts will "eat away" the hardened hematoma and
the injury will be repaired.
Within a year of the injury, the bone will be almost as strong as it was before the break.
14. What are the three types of muscle? Where are they found?
1. skeletal – found throughout body connected to bones; moves bones
2. cardiac – found in heart; pumps blood
3. smooth – found in blood vessels & digestive system; moves materials
15. Identify the muscles in your arm and thigh that allow them to bend and straighten. Which
is the flexor? Which is the extensor? Complete the table below.
arm
thigh
flexor
bicep
hamstring
extensor
tricep
quadricep
16. Explain how muscles work. Do they work alone? Provide details.
o muscles work in pairs by pulling on bones
o muscles take turns contracting and relaxing
o flexors bend bones; extensors straighten bones