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CLASSICAL
INDIA
RISE OF MAURYAN EMPIRE
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Ganges Republics
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Western Intrusions
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Intrusions of Persians (520 B.C.E.) and Alexander (327 B.C.E.)
Persians established Indus satrapy
Alexander’s withdrawal left a political vacuum
Magadha kingdom filled the vacuum
Chandragupta Maurya
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Prior to Alexander, kshatriyan republics dominated, vied for power
Magadha was one of the most dominant
The founder of the Mauryan empire
Overthrew the Magadha kingdom in 321 B.C.E.
Conquered the Greek state in Bactria, Selecuid control of Indus
Chandragupta's empire embraced all of northern India
Chandragupta's government
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Government procedures devised by Kautalya, the advisor of the empire
The political handbook, Arthashastra, outlined administrative methods
MAURYAN EMPIRE: ASHOKA
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Ashoka Maurya (reigned 268-232 B.C.E.)
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Chandragupta's grandson,
The high point of the Mauryan empire
Conquered the kingdom of Kalinga, 260 B.C.E.
Ruled through tightly organized bureaucracy
Established capital at Pataliputra
Policies of encouraging agriculture and trade
Converted to Buddhism
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Decline of the Mauryan Empire
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Ashoka died in 232 B.C.E.
Suffered from acute financial and economic difficulties
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Established a tolerant rule of righteousness
Sent out missionaries to Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Central Asia
High cost for maintaining army and bureaucrats
Debasing the currency, not an effective resolution
The empire collapsed by 185 B.C.E.
THE GUPTAS
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The Gupta Dynasty
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After Mauryans, India was controlled by regional kingdoms
The Gupta state rose to power in Magadha
Chandra Gupta founded the new dynasty
Gupta dynasty was relatively decentralized
Officially supported revival of Hinduism as state faith
Era seen as the Golden Age of Hinduism
Gupta decline
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Invasion of White Huns weakened the empire
After 5th century C.E., Gupta dynasty ruled in name only
Large regional kingdoms dominated political life in India
ECONOMICS
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Towns and manufacturing
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Towns dotted the India countryside after 600 B.C.E.
Towns provided manufactured products and luxury goods
Long-distance trade
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Invasions by Persian empires helped to build extensive trade networks
Trade with China through the silk roads of central Asia
Trade in the Indian Ocean basin, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Mediterranean
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Spread Buddhism and Hinduism throughout Indian Ocean basin
SOCIETY
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Social and gender relations
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Development of caste system
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Strong patriarchal families; subordination of
women to men
Child marriage placed women under control of
old men
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras (part of
Hinduism)
New social groups of artisans, craftsmen, and
merchants appeared
Individuals of same trade or craft formed a guild;
guilds were subcastes, jatis
Functions of guilds: social security and welfare
systems
Wealth and social order
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Trade and industry brought prosperity to many
vaishyas and shudras
Old beliefs and values of early Aryan society
became increasingly irrelevant
JAINISM
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Vardhamana Mahavira
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Jainist doctrine and ethics
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Born in north India, 540 B.C.E.
Left family, searching for salvation from cycle of incarnation
Gained enlightenment, taught an ascetic doctrine
His disciples began to lead a monastic life
Mahavira became Jina, the "conqueror," and followers, Jains
Inspired by the Upanishads
Everything in the universe possessed a soul
Striving to purify one's selfish behavior to attain a state of bliss
The principle of ahimsa, nonviolence toward all living things
Believed that almost all occupations entailed violence of some kind
Too demanding, not a practical alternative to the cult of the brahmins
Appeal of Jainism
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Social implication: Individual souls equally participated in ultimate reality
The Jains did not recognize social hierarchies of caste and jati
Became attractive to members of lower castes
The ascetic tradition continues to today
EARLY BUDDHISM
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Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.)
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Born in 563 B.C.E. to the Kshatriya caste
Witnessed miseries of the human condition
Gave up his comfortable life and began searching for enlightenment
Intense meditation and extreme asceticism
Received enlightenment under the bo tree and became Buddha
The Buddha and his followers
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"Turning of the Wheel of the Law," 528 B.C.E.
Organized followers into a community of monks (“the sangha”)
Traveled throughout north India, bringing enlightenment to others
EARLY BUDDHISM
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Buddhist doctrine: The dharma
 The Four Noble Truths
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All life involves suffering
Desire is the cause of suffering
Elimination of desire brings an end to suffering
The Noble Eightfold Path brings the elimination
of desire
The Noble Eightfold Path (“Setting the wheel in
motion”)
Right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior,
right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, and right
meditation
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Religious goal: Nirvana, a state of perfect
spiritual independence
APPEAL OF BUDDHISM
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Appealed strongly to members of lower castes
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Appealed to women as all souls considered equal
Less demanding than Jainism, more popular
Used vernacular tongues, not Sanskrit
Holy sites and pilgrimages
The monastic organizations
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Salvation without services of the brahmins
Did not recognize social hierarchies of castes and jati
Spread the Buddhist message, won converts
Could be endowed by others to support the religion
Centers of learning, good works, contemplation
Ashoka's support
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Emperor Ashoka became a devout Buddhist, 206 B.C.E.
Banned animal sacrifices in honor of ahimsa
Granted lands to monasteries
Sent missionaries to Bactria and Ceylon
VARIANTS OF BUDDHISM
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Early Buddhism made heavy demands on individuals
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Development of Buddhism
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Giving up personal property
Forsaking the search for social standing
Detaching oneself from worldly pleasures
Buddha gradually seen as a god by ex-Hindus, in China
The notion of bodhisatva - "an enlightened being"
Monasteries began to accept gifts from wealthy individuals
Buddhism became more attractive
The Schism of Buddhism: Was he a god or man?
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Mahayana - "the greater vehicle"
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Spread to Central, East Asia
Blended in India with Hinduism, which co-opted Buddha as a god
Co-opted Chinese traditions and Daoist gods in China
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Hinayana or Theravada
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Continued to view Buddha as human
 Practiced in Sri Lanka, parts of India, SE Asia
Buddhism died out in India as it merged with Hinduism
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HINDUISM
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Comes from the blending of Aryan and
Dravidian (IRV) beliefs
Vedas (hymns), Rig Veda, Upanishads (written
down)
Brahman=universal soul
Samsara=reincarnation
Karma=sum of good and bad in this life
will determine next life
Moksha=salvation of the soul
Caste system, varna, Hindu god Purusha
POPULAR HINDUISM
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The epics
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Mahabharata
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Ramayana
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A secular poem revised by
brahmin scholars
Honored the god Vishnu, the
preserver of the world
Secular story of Rama and Sita
was changed into a Hindu story
The Bhagavad Gita
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A short poetic work within the
Mahabharata
A dialogue between the god Vishnu
and Prince Arjuna
Illustrated expectations of
Hinduism and promise of salvation
HINDUISM CONTINUED
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Hindu ethics
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Lower demands for achieving salvation
Individuals should meet their responsibilities in detached fashion
Balance of dharma, artha, kama to attain moksha, end samsara
Popularity of Hinduism
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Became more popular than Buddhism; Buddhism too aesthetic
The Guptas helped Hinduism become the dominant religion