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The New Monarchs
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchs: Essential Questions
1. What were the general characteristics of the New Monarchs?
2. In what ways was Henry VII a New Monarch?
3. In what ways were Louis XI and François I New Monarchs?
4. In what ways were Ferdinand & Isabella New Monarchs?
5. What was the Reconquista?
6. What was the Expulsion of 1492?
7. What was the Inquisition and how was it used to enforce the policies of the
Spanish monarchs?
8. What was the Alhambra and how did its architecture reflect Moorish/
Islamic influences?
9. In what ways was the Holy Roman Empire a New Monarchy?
10. Who was Charles V and what problems did he face during his reign?
12.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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From Feudalism to New Monarchs: Reflections On
“But as the inability of the kings to protect their realm had generated feudalism, so the
inability of feudal lords to maintain order among themselves, or to provide a uniform
government for an expanding commercial economy, weakened the barons and
strengthened the kings. The zeal for martial contests absorbed the aristocracies of
feudal Europe in private and public wars; the Crusades, the Hundred Years’ War, the
Wars of the Roses, and finally the wars of religion drank up their blood. Some of them,
impoverished and recognizing no law, became robber barons who pillaged and
murdered at will; and the excesses of liberty called for a unified power that would
maintain order throughout the realm. Commerce and industry generated a growing
and wealthy class outside the feudal bond; merchants resented feudal tolls and the
insecurity of transport through feudal domains; and they demanded that private law
should be superseded by a central government. The king allied himself with their class
and the rising towns; they provided the finances for the assertion and extension of his
authority; and all who felt oppressed or injured by the lords looked to the king for
rescue and redress. The ecclesiastic barons were unusually vassal and loyal to the king;
the popes, however often at odds with royals, found it easier to deal with a monarch
than with a scattered and half-lawless nobility. Upheld by these diverse forces, the
French and English kings made their power hereditary, instead of elective, by
crowning a donor before their own death; and men accepted hereditary monarchy as
the alternative to feudal anarchy. The improvement of communication and the
increased circulation of money made regular taxation possible; the mounting royal
revenue financed larger royal armies; the rising class of jurists attached themselves to
the throne, and strengthened it by the centralizing influence of Roman law.”
Source: The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957), pp. 565-66.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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New Monarchs: General Characteristics
• provided order
✓ civil peace imposed on violent and chaotic societies
✓ monarchy offered as a guarantee of law and order
• universal nature
✓ hereditary monarchy
✓ monarchs referred to themselves as “sovereign”
• competed for power with nobility/local princes
✓ destruction of feudal or common law
✓ enlisted support of growing middle class
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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New Monarchs: General Characteristics (cont’d)
• use of Roman law
✓
✓
✓
welfare of the people is the highest law (salus populi suprema lex)
kings could make and enact law by their own authority: what pleases the prince
has the force of law (quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem)
note: Roman law was used in New Monarchies on mainland Europe (“the
continent”), but not in England where the English continued to use traditional
common law
• expanded government bureaucracies
✓
✓
established efficient systems of taxation to raise money for the crown
expanded government agencies to carry out royal laws
• encouraged a sense of national identity
• established national militaries loyal to the monarchy
the “new monarchs” had various degrees of success in
• NOTE:
establishing these characteristics
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Characteristics of the New Monarchs: Reflections On
“The growth in the number of royal official helped rulers consolidate more
effective power. Rulers had always had some kind of advisory council, but the
importance of their advisors grew in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Chanceries, treasuries, and courts of law represented an early stage of
bureaucratization. Serving as royal officials, some humble men of talent began
to reach positions of influence within the states.
Rulers still earned revenue from their own lands. But in order to meet the
expenses of their states, they drew income from taxation, the sale of offices
(posts in the service of the monarch that were often prestigious and lucrative)
and government bonds, and the confiscation of land from recalcitrant nobles.
Like other rulers, popes also centralized administration and finances, selling
posts. Rulers imposed taxes on salt, wine, and other goods, imposition from
which nobles and clergy were generally exempt. States in the sixteenth century
became the great collectors and distributors of revenue. Moreover, the gradual
growth of public debt was another sign of the increased authority of monarchial
states. Royal dependency on the loans of merchant-bankers enriched the latter,
providing more capital for their ventures. Rulers, surrounded by courtiers and
councils, lived in a grander fashion. As they worked to consolidate their
authority and territories, thrones became increasingly hereditary. As even
wealthy people were apt to die young, such succession arrangements, which
varied throughout Europe, mattered considerably.”
Source: A History of Modern Europe: From Renaissance to the Present, John Merriman (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010), p. 29.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in England: Henry VII (1485-1509)
the Wars of the Roses in
• ended
1485
of the Roses (1455-85): civil
✓ Wars
war in England for control of the
English crown
House of Lancaster
✓ combatants:
(red rose) v. House of York (white
rose)
war won by Henry Tudor of
✓ civil
the House of Lancaster when Henry
defeated Richard III of the House
of York at the Battle of Bosworth
Field (1485)
Tudor was crowned King
✓ Henry
Henry VII (1485), who later married
Elizabeth of York (1486) to help
ease tensions between the two
families
Henry VII: The First Tudor
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in England: Henry VII (1485-1509)
• prohibited “livery & maintenance”
livery & maintenance: traditional practice whereby the nobility
✓maintained
private armies
banning of the nobles’ armies allowed the monarchy to gain
✓anHenry’s
upper-hand over the nobles
• utilized the Star Chamber
✓Star Chamber: royal council
used as a court to settle territorial disputes and deal with security
✓issues,
helping to bring peace to the kingdom
• used Justices of the Peace to enforce laws throughout the kingdom
• made the English monarchy fiscally stable
✓kept England out of costly wars
encouraged English trade (especially in wool) and expanded the cloth
✓industry
at home
Elizabeth of York
Source: Wikipedia
his frugality allowed him to not have to call Parliament very often
✓during
his reign
created a climate where bankers could play a more prominent role in
✓both
the economy and politics (as members of Parliament)
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Henry VII: Reflections On
“Naturally Henry’s political penetration would prompt him to utilize the general exhaustion for the establishment of a strong
monarchy of the kind just then triumphantly emerging in France and Spain. Of such a program there would be would be two
outstanding opponents: the great nobles who had made the crown their plaything during the Wars of the Roses and the
parliament, which in an earlier period had firmly established its right to a substantial share in government. In a lifetime of narrowly concentrated effort Henry put a curb on both of his opponents. By a law (Statute of Livery and
Maintenance), which deprived the nobles of the right to keep under arms great bodies of retainers, he extinguished the centers of
provincial resistance to the royal will. To make assurance doubly sure he established an extraordinary court, the court of Star
Chamber. It sat in London under his eye and visited punishment on the recalcitrant nobles as well as on all other malefactors
whom the local courts were too feeble to bring to justice.
In curbing parliament Henry took a far less drastic course because the parliament was an integral feature of the English
constitution and well entrenched in the affections of the people. With shrewd self-restraint he even adopted a policy of
ostensible co-operation with the rival institution. Although he owed his throne to his having been victor in a civil broil, that is,
to the fortunes of war, he stirred the representatives of the nation to an enthusiastic response when he requested them to legalize
his accession by a formal resolution. Throughout his reign he scrupulously observed the ancient custom by which the king could
raise no taxes except with the consent of parliament. Then, with his supplies obtained, he husbanded the returns like a miser in
order not to be obliged to demonstrate too frequently his dependence on a popular body. In the last thirteen years of his reign he
took counsel with his parliament only twice and, partly out of gratitude for his re-establishment of the domestic peace, it showed
no disposition to bring him under control. No doubt the legal claim of parliament to be associated with the king in governing England remained intact. Nonetheless, from
failing to appear regularly in London, the parliament tended to fall into oblivion, leaving the king to occupy the national stage
alone. All facts considered, it may be safely asserted that Henry Tudor renewed the prestige of the crown and created, certainly
not a royal absolutism, but a strong monarchy pointed in that direction.’
Source: A History of Europe from the Renaissance to the Present Day, Ferdinand Schevill (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1950), pp. 82-83.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Henry VII: Reflections On
Under the blows of necessity Henry developed the virtues and vices that seemed to him
demanded by his place.…He loved ‘the felicity of full coffers,’ says Bacon, because he
knew their persuasiveness in politics. He taxed the nation ingeniously, bled the rich with
‘benevolences’ or forced gifts, made avid use of fines to feed his treasury and discourage
crime, and winked as judges fitted the fine not to the offense but to the purse. He was the
first English king since 1216 who kept his expenses within his income, and his charities
and generosities mitigated his parsimony. He devoted himself conscientiously to
administration, and skimped his pleasures to complete his toil. His life was darkened
with perennial suspicion, not without cause; he trusted no one, concealed his purposes,
and by fair means or dubious he achieved his ends. He established the Court of Star
Chamber to try, in secret sessions, obstreperous nobles too powerful to fear local judges
or juries; and year by year he bought the ruined aristocracy and the frightened prelacy
into subordination to the monarchy. Strong individuals resented the decline of liberty
and the desuetude of Parliament; but peasants forgave much in a king who disciplined
their lords, and manufacturers and merchants thanked him for his wise promotion of
industry and trade. He had found an England in feudal anarchy, a government too poor
and disreputable to win obedience or loyalty; he left to Henry VIII a state respected,
orderly, solvent, united, and at peace.
Source: The Story of Civilization: The Reformation, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957), pp. 108-09.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in France: Louis XI (1461-83)
•background
✓Valois dynasty
known as “The Spider” (reputed to have woven a
✓web
of plots and conspiracies)
•expanded French boundaries
✓gained land in northern France (Picardy & Amiens)
✓forced the English out of Normandy
•raised taxes without parliamentary consent
the Estates General (the French parliament) asked
✓Louis
to rule without parliament in hopes of
bringing order to the kingdom
Louis XI
Source: Wikipedia
-imposed a permanent tax on salt
-imposed a permanent tax on land
✓Estates General met only one time during his reign
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in France: Louis XI (1461-83)
the nobility, who had
• weakened
formed an anti-centralization
alliance called The League of
the Public Weal
✓
✓
league was led by Charles the Bold
and Louis XI’s brother Charles,
Duke of Berry
Louis XI made minor concessions to
the league (granting them some
land rights), but, in exchange, the
League of Public Weal was
disbanded
his own infantry and,
• abolished
instead, hired Swiss
mercenaries
Louis XI
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Louis XI: Reflections On
“In his struggle against the great nobles who were his most dangerous opponents, Louis
sought the support of churchmen and merchants. Although he continued to limit papal
authority in France, he pleased the churchmen by revoking the document that had
established a national ‘Gallican’ church. He taxed the merchants heavily, but he won the
support of many by appointing them to high office. Priests and burghers helped Louis
subdue all but one of France’s semi-independent duchies, even though a ‘League of Public
Weal’ was organized against him. His greatest achievement was to destroy forever the threat
of Burgundy to the French monarchy.
He subdued other neighboring principalities by force, bribery, or promises. Finally by
arranging the marriage of his son to the heiress of Brittany, the way was paved for the
absorption of the last important French duchy into the national monarchy.
Like Henry VII of England, Louis left his country with an increased sense of national unity
and with a strong and well-organized central government. The remaining noble houses of
importance were allied by marriage to the royal family. Even though Louis was succeeded by
two weak kings from whom the dukes attempted to regain their independence, the central
government had become so strong that it survived their attacks.”
Source: Medieval and Early Modern Times: The Age of Justinian to the Eighteenth Century, Carlton J.H. Hayes & Frederick F. Clark (New York: MacMillan Company, 1966). pp. 233-34.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in France: Francis I (1515-47)
• background
✓
✓
✓
Valois dynasty
intelligent and well educated
patron of the arts
a new French port (Le
• founded
Havre) in order to expand trade
and exploration
exploration of Asia and
• supported
the “New World”
✓
Francis I
✓
sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St.
Lawrence River & Québec
opened up trade between France &
India
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in France: Francis I (1515-47)
• bureaucratic reforms
✓
✓
replaced Latin with French as the official administrative language of the
government
required the Roman Catholic Church in every parish to record births, marriages
and deaths
of Bologna (1516): establishment of the “Gallican
• Concordat
Church” in France
✓
✓
concordat: an agreement between a government and the Roman Catholic Church
Concordat of Bologna: created the Gallican Church in France whereby the French
government exercised some control over the Roman Catholic Church in France
➡
Pope would receive annates (a portion of annual profits) from French ecclesiastics (good for
the Roman Catholic Church)
➡
French monarchy gained the right to appoint bishops and abbots (good for the French
monarchy)
many magnificent châteaux (palaces) in France, including
• built
Chambord
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in France: Francis I (1515-47)
Château du Chambord
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in Spain: Ferdinand & Isabella
Journal 8: In Spain, the New Monarchy took the form not so much of
political centralization as of unification around the church.
––Palmer Chapter 8 • pp. 73-77––
Directions; Using sentences or detailed bulleted notes, identify & explain the evidence Palmer uses to support the thesis listed above.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in Spain: Ferdinand & Isabella
to the personal union of Ferdinand of
• background
Aragon & Isabella of Castile
✓
✓
✓
Aragon
➡
kingdom included Mediterranean part of
Iberian peninsula, Balearic Islands,
Sardinia, Sicily, southern kingdom of
Naples
➡
Ferdinand: king of Aragon (1479-1516)
Castile (& Leon)
➡
kingdom included central part of Iberian
peninsula and, after 1492, vast sections of
the “New World”
➡
Isabella, queen of Castile (1474-1504)
Personal Union
➡
Ferdinand and Isabella were married in
1469
➡
two kingdoms remained separate politically
but were ruled by the same people
Iberian Peninsula, c. 1360
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in Spain: Reflections On
“The first object of [Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile] was to
recover from the nobles the powers they had usurped from the Crown in
both kingdoms. Everywhere in Europe at this time kings were
strengthening themselves at the expense of the feudal baronage, so that
the policy of the Spanish rulers was part of a general tendency….
[Ferdinand and Isabella] raised up a class of official nobles from the
Commons, many of whom were lawyers, and inclined, as their way is,
through familiarity with the maxims of Roman law, to uphold the royal
authority. The new ministers of the Crown were chosen not for their
pedigrees, but for personal merit. Of these the most famous was Cardinal
Ximenes, who, having been promoted from the position of an obscure
monk to be Archbishop of Toledo and Regent of Spain, energetically
seconded his sovereigns’ efforts to crush the arrogant grandees.
The Grandmasterships of the three great Spanish military orders of
Santiago, Alcantara, and Calatrava had always attracted ambitious spirits,
on account of the immense patronage and large armed forces at their
disposal. But now, as they became vacant, Isabella appointed Ferdinand to
each office; and from thenceforth they were annexed to the Crown, which
thus enjoyed their revenues, and no longer had to fear their military
strength.”
Source: Europe in Renaissance and Reformation, 1453-1660, Mary A. Hollings (London: Methuen & Co. LTD, 1928), pp. 34-35.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in Spain: Ferdinand & Isabella
& Isabella as “The Catholic Monarchs”: foundation
• Ferdinand
of the unification of Spain completed around religion
✓
Reconquista (the re-conquest): completed the drive to rid Spain of Moors (Arab
Muslims)
➡
➡
✓
Fall of Granada (1492): Ferdinand & Isabella conquered the last foothold of the Moors in
Spain as the Alhambra Palace (home to the Moorish rulers) was taken by the “Catholic
Monarchs”
The Expulsion of 1492: Muslims and Jews were expelled from Spain
➡
➡
✓
the Reconquista had been going on for centuries but was completed by Ferdinand & Isabella
Muslims and Jews that did not convert to Christianity were forced to leave
Muslims that converted to Christianity (Moriscos) and Jews that converted to Christianity
(Marranos) would be closely watched in the future (by the Inquisition: see below)
The Inquisition
➡
Ferdinand & Isabella used the Roman Catholic Church’s Inquisition (Church courts) to root
out religious non-conformists (such as the suspect Moriscos & Marranos)
➡
those found guilty of heresy would be burned at the stake (auto de fé)
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Architectural Spotlight: Alhambra Palace
The Alhambra Palace was the magnificent
fortress/palace of the Moorish kings until it was
taken by Ferdinand & Isabella in 1492. The
building is an excellent example of Moorish art
as it features Islamic calligraphy, Islamic arches
and arabesque (repeating geometric shapes) in its
design.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in Spain: The Creation of Spain
Ferdinand
King of
Aragon
Isabella
Joanna
the Mad:
Charles
Habsburg:
Queen of
Castile
Queen of Aragon
& Queen of Castile
(Charles would later be known as Charles V,
Holy Roman Emperor & King of Spain)
King of Spain
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in “Germany”: The Holy Roman Empire
on the Holy
• background
Roman Empire
confederation of states
✓ adating
back to the Middle
Ages (decentralized state)
and diverse politically
✓ divided
(decentralized state)
➡
hereditary dynasties: duchies,
margariates, and others
➡
ecclesiastic (church) states:
bishoprics and abbacies
➡
➡
imperial free cities
nobles or imperial knights
who owned a manor and paid
allegiance to the emperor
The Holy Roman Empire, c. 1512
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in “Germany”: The Holy Roman Empire
• Holy Roman Emperor
✓
✓
title given to the head of the Holy Roman
Empire
elected by 7 “electors” of the Holy Roman
Empire
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
✓
Elector of Palatine
Elector of Saxony
Elector of Bohemia
Elector of Brandenburg
Archbishop of Mainz
Archbishop of Trier
Archbishop of Cologne
political reality: Holy Roman Emperor was
weak and decentralized when compared to
counterparts in France and England
Maximilian I
Source: Wikipedia
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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The New Monarchy in “Germany”: The Holy Roman Empire
•
introduction of centralizing institutions, but they proved ineffective against the
traditional rights and privileges of the member states
✓
✓
Maximilian I (1493-1519)
➡
empire divided into administrative “circles” (ineffective)
➡
created an Imperial Council (weak)
Charles V (1519-55)
➡
➡
born to the Habsburg dynasty in the Flemish city of Ghent
➡
Charles was already king of Spain (crowned in 1516) and controlled vast territories around the world when he was
elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519
➡
despite being the most powerful ruler in Europe at the time (the “universal monarch”?), Charles V was not able to
centralize the power of the Holy Roman Empire (in fact, it was further decentralized)
➡
problems faced by Charles V
personally troubled by illnesses and a jaw which made chewing difficult (the “Habsburg Jaw”)
-
Protestant Reformation: had the effect of further decentralizing the empire politically and religiously
-
war with France: France sought to keep the Holy Roman Empire weak and disunited
-
war with the Ottoman Empire: the Turks threatened to take over central Europe
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Charles V & The Holy Roman Empire: Reflections On
“Charles inherited a genuinely vast and
unprecedented sprawl of territories from
Maximilian, but no serious effort was made to
give them any unity. He scurried from place to
place, swapping around hats, crowns, necklaces
and special cloaks. He was always reading up
constitutions and mottos and being drilled on the
membership and peccadillos of dozens of prickly
aristocracies and urban oligarchies in different
bits of Europe. At every turn he had to face
rebellious townsfolk, Ottoman pirates, annoying
Protestants, double-dealing German princelings
and problematic family members.”
Source: Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe, Simon Winder (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), p. 89.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Exam Skills (ES): Secondary Source Interpretation
In the last sentence of author Simon Winder’s analysis of Charles V (see
previous note slide), he argues that Charles had to face five major problems.
From your study of sixteenth-century European history, find historical evidence
to support three of the problems identified by the author.
Problem
Historical Example
Explanation & Analysis
You may use any of the materials you have read or studied for AP European History to assist you in this Exam Skills task.
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Additional Notes
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AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Additional Notes
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AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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Sources
•
A History of Europe from the Renaissance to the Present Day, Ferdinand Schevill (New York:
Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1950).
•
A History of Modern Europe: From Renaissance to the Present, John Merriman (New York: W.W.
Norton & Co., 2010).
•
•
•
A History of the Modern World, 10/e, R.R. Palmer, et. al. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007).
•
Europe in Renaissance and Reformation, 1453-1660, Mary A. Hollings (London: Methuen & Co.
LTD, 1928).
•
Medieval and Early Modern Times: The Age of Justinian to the Eighteenth Century, Carlton J.H.
Hayes & Frederick F. Clark (New York: MacMillan Company, 1966).
•
•
•
•
The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957)
A History of Western Society, 5/e, John P. McKay, et. al. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995).
Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe, Simon Winder (New York: Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 2013).
The Story of Civilization: The Reformation, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957).
The Western Heritage, 9/e, Donald Kagan, et. al, (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007).
Wikipedia.com (en.wikipedia.com).
AP European History • The New Monarchs • J.F. Walters, G.W.Whitton & M.A. Prokosch
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