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Cardiovascular System Chapter 5 Rogers State University 1 Anatomy and Physiology pump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and other nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal Rogers State University 2 Structures heart - pump vessels - container blood - liquid Rogers State University 3 The Heart hollow muscular organ (cardiac muscle) pump to circulate blood blood to oxygenate cells and remove waste products Cardi/o - heart Rogers State University 4 Location and Protection located between the lungs and above the diaphragm Pericardium Pericardial Fluid Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Rogers State University 5 Blood Vessels Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries angi/o and vas/o arteries - carry blood away from heart, oxygenated blood veins - carry blood to the heart, deoxygenated blood Rogers State University 6 Arteries arteri/o blood propelled by heart arteries are thick with three layers pulse-surge of blood oxygenated blood - bright red arteries to arterioles to capillaries Rogers State University 7 Capillaries system of microscopic vessels one epithelial cell thick connect arterial/venous systems blood flow much slower through capillaries to allow for exchange blood cells travel in single file Rogers State University 8 Veins low-pressure collecting system ven/o and phleb/o venules - small veins veins have valves deoxygenated blood venae cavae - venous blood to Right Atrium Rogers State University 9 Heart myocardium - muscle layer pericardium - sac containing the heart Rogers State University 10 Heart Chambers Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Apex Rogers State University 11 Internal Heart Chambers Rogers State University 12 Heart Valves Pulmonary Veins Mitral Left Tricuspid Right Apex Rogers State University 13 Blood Supply to Heart Coronary Artery System – right coronary – left coronary » left anterior descending » circumflex Rogers State University 14 Systemic Circulation – All parts of body except lungs Pulmonary Circulation – pulmonary arterial system Rogers State University 15 Conduction System 1-SA Node (Pacemaker) 2-AV Node 3-Bundle of His 4-Perkinje fibers Rogers State University 16 Normal Sinus Rhythm Rogers State University 17 Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias Palpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heart Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with no coordination atrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and irregular ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm that can be life-threatening Bradycardia: <60 bpm Tachycardia: >100 bpm Rogers State University 18 Pulse pulse-rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure of blood moving through the artery Rogers State University 19 Blood Pressure Measurement of amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. Systolic - highest pressure result of ventricular contraction Diastolic - lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed Rogers State University 20 Pathology of the Cardiovascular system Rogers State University 21 Atherosclerosis scleroses hypercholesterolemia ischemia thrombosis, embolus occlusion aneurysm Rogers State University 22 Aneurysm A localized balloonlike enlargement of an artery. Rogers State University 23 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Diseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and sudden death myocardial ischemia – angina, dyspnea myocardial infarction – diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea Rogers State University 24 Procedures Opening Blocked Arteries Rogers State University Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Carotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass surgery – revascularization 25 Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary artery Ischemia - deficiency of blood supply Rogers State University 26 Congestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy. Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently causes pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart Rogers State University 27 Varicose Veins Incompetent valves – esophageal varices – anal hemorrhoids – legs Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitis Rogers State University 28 Blood Composition 55% plasma (liquid portion of blood) 45% blood cells Rogers State University 29 Blood Types 4 blood types: A, B, AB, O Blood type is determined by surface antigens Rogers State University 30 Pharmacology Antianginals antihypertensives beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics heparin inotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) Statins Rogers State University 31