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Basic Structure of a Cell copyright cmassengale 1 Review Facts About Living Things copyright cmassengale 2 What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1. Made of CELLS 2. Require ENERGY (food) 3. REPRODUCE (species) 4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5. ORGANIZED 6. RESPOND to environment 7. GROW and DEVELOP 8. EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases) copyright cmassengale 3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: 1.ATOM (element) 2.MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) 3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …) copyright cmassengale 4 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: 1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms) 2.TISSUE (cells working together 3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) 4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) 5.ORGANISM copyright cmassengale 5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels continued: 1.POPULATION (one species in an area) 2.COMMUNITY (several populations in an area 3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …) 4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…) 5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving things on Earth) copyright cmassengale 6 History of Cells & the Cell Theory Cell Specialization copyright cmassengale 7 First to View Cells • In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) • What he saw looked like small boxes copyright cmassengale 8 First to View Cells • Hooke is responsible for naming cells • Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells copyright cmassengale 9 Anton van Leeuwenhoek • In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) • Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth copyright cmassengale 10 Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells • Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory copyright cmassengale 11 Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells • Schwann also cofounded the cell theory copyright cmassengale 12 Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing • He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division copyright cmassengale 13 CELL THEORY • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) • Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division) copyright cmassengale 14 Discoveries Since the Cell Theory copyright cmassengale 15 ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY • In 1970, American biologist, Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves • Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA • Chloroplast and Mitochondria copyright cmassengale 16 copyright cmassengale 17 Cell Size and Types • Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope • Three Basic types of cells include: Animal Cell Plant Cell copyright cmassengale Bacterial Cell 18 Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. copyright cmassengale 19 CELL SIZE Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter copyright cmassengale 20 Which Cell Type is Larger? Plant cell > _____________ Animal cell > ___________ bacteria _________ copyright cmassengale 21 How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ? 1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns copyright cmassengale 22 Multicellular Organisms • Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions) copyright cmassengale 23 Cell Specialization • Cells in a multicellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off • This is known as DIFFERENTIATION copyright cmassengale 24 Specialized Animal Cells Muscle cells Red blood cells Cheek cells copyright cmassengale 25 Specialized Plant cells Guard Cells Pollen Xylem cells copyright cmassengale 26 Organization Levels of Life Atoms to Organisms copyright cmassengale 27 Nonliving Levels ATOMS MOLECULES copyright cmassengale ORGANELLES 28 Living Levels CELLS – life starts here TISSUES – Similar cells working together copyright cmassengale 29 More Living Levels ORGANS Different tissues working together ORGAN SYSTEMS Different organs working together copyright cmassengale ORGANISM 30 Simple or Complex Cells copyright cmassengale 31 Prokaryotes – The first Cells • Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Includes bacteria • Simplest type of cell • Single, circular chromosome copyright cmassengale 32 Prokaryotes • Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA • Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan) • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins copyright cmassengale 33 Eukaryotes • Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membranebound organelles • Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals • More complex type of cells copyright cmassengale 34 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: • Nucleus • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm with organelles copyright cmassengale 35 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell copyright cmassengale Animal Cell 36 Organelles copyright cmassengale 37 Organelles small • Very ___________ (Microscopic) functions • Perform various ______________for a cell cytoplasm • Found in the _____________ membrane• May or may not be _________ bound ___________ copyright cmassengale 38 Animal Cell Organelles Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles 39 Plant Cell Organelles 40 Cell or Plasma Membrane layer of phospholipids • Composed of double _______________________and proteins _____________ ALL cells Surrounds • ____________outside of _______________ enters or leaves the cell • Controls what _________________________ • ________________ Living layer Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer 41 Phospholipids • _________ Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are _________(attract hydrophilic water) Tails • _________ are made of fatty ____ acids and are ____________ hydrophobic _____ (repel water) bilayer where tails • Make up a ______ ___ inward toward each other point _____ • Can move laterally to allow small molecules _______________(O 2, CO2, & H2O to enter) copyright cmassengale 42 The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing 43 Cell Membrane Proteins move • Proteins help ________ large molecules or aid in cell recognition __________________ Peripheral proteins • ________________are attached on the surface (inner or outer) Integral proteins • ________________are embedded completely through the membrane copyright cmassengale 44 GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” carbohydrate tails Glycoproteins have __________________to act as markers for cell recognition 45 Cell Membrane in Plants Cell membrane • Lies immediately against the cell ______________ ______ in plant wall cells • Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain shape cell _________ 46 Cell Wall Nonliving layer • ___________ • Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria cellulose • Made of _________ in plants • Made of peptidoglycan in _____________ bacteria chitin • Made of _______in Fungi Cell wall 47 Cell Wall • _____________ and Supports _____________cell protects • Found outside of the ________________ cell membrane 48 Cytoplasm of a Cell cytoplasm • _______________ Jelly-like substance enclosed cell membrane by ____________ • Provides a medium for __________ chemical _____________to reactions take place 49 More on Cytoplasm cytoplasm • Contains organelles ________ to carry out specific jobs ALL • Found in _____ cells 50 The Control Organelle - Nucleus • Controls the normal ________ of the cell • Contains the DNA in chromosomes • Bounded by a nuclear envelope ________________ (membrane) with pores • Usually the largest organelle 51 More on the Nucleus Nucleus • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that genes carry __________ • Genes control cell characteristics 52 Nuclear Envelope • Double ______________ membrane surrounding nucleus • Also called nuclear membrane • Contains _____________for nuclear pores materials to enter & leave nucleus ER • Connected to the rough _________ Nuclear pores copyright cmassengale 53 Inside the Nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is found DNA is spread out And appears as _________________ CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES dividing cells in _________________ 54 What Does DNA do? DNA is the ___________ hereditary ___________of the cell material Genes _______ that make up the DNA molecule code for proteins different ___________ 55 Nucleolus Inside nucleus • _____________ 1 • Cell may have __ ______ nucleoli to 3 Disappears when • _________ cell divides Makes ribosomes • _____________ that make proteins 56 Cytoskeleton • Helps cell maintain cell shape ______________________ move • Also help _______organelles around proteins • Made of _______________ Microfilaments • __________________ are threadlike & made of ACTIN • Microtubules ____________are tubelike & made of TUBULIN 57 Cytoskeleton MICRTUBULES ______________ MICROFILAMENTS ________________ copyright cmassengale 58 Centrioles animal cells • Found only in _______ Paired • _________ structures near nucleus • Made of bundle of microtubules __________________ • Appear during cell division ______________ forming mitotic spindle pull chromosome • Help to _____ apart to opposite pairs _______ ends of the cell 59 Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) copyright cmassengale 60 Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) • “Powerhouse” of the cell energy • Generate cellular _______ (ATP) _________ muscle • More active cells like _____ cells have _________ MORE mitochondria plants & animal cells • Both ______________ have mitochondria CELLULAR • Site of __________ RESPIRATION _______________(burning glucose) 61 MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE _______ membrane DNA Has its own _____ Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE ___________(increases surface area for more chemical Reactions) MATRIX Interior called _________ 62 Interesting Fact --• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … • You inherit your mitochondria from your Mother! ____________ copyright cmassengale 63 Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape ___________ 64 What do mitochondria do? “Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy _____________(ATP) ATP Stores energy as ____ 65 Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER hollow membrane tubules • Network of _______ nuclear envelope • Connects to ______________________& cell membrane ________________ • Functions in _____________of cell products synthesis transport & _________ ROUGH & ________ SMOOTH Two kinds of ER ---_______ 66 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) ribosomes • Has _________ on its surface • Makes membrane proteins ___________and proteins for EXPORT ___________ out of cell 67 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Proteins are made ribosomes by ___________ on ER surface • They are then threaded into the interior ____________ of the Rough ER to be modified and _______________ transported copyright cmassengale 68 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER • _____________ lacks ribosomes on its surface • Is attached to the rough ER ends of __________ • Makes cell products that are USED the cell INSIDE __________ copyright cmassengale 69 Functions of the Smooth ER • Makes membrane steroids lipids (________) • Regulates calcium ________(muscle cells) toxic • Destroys ______ substances (Liver) copyright cmassengale 70 Endomembrane System nuclear Includes ____________membrane connected to cell _____connected to _______membrane (transport) ER 71 Ribosomes rRNA PROTEINS • Made of __________and _______ • “Protein factories” for cell amino acids • Join ___________to make proteins protein synthesis • Process called ________________ 72 Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm 73 Golgi Bodies flattened sacs • Stacks of ___________ • Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face) proteins • Receive __________ made by ER Transport vesicles • __________________ with modified proteins pinch off the ends CIS TRANS Transport vesicle 74 Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify ____, sort & _______ package _____, molecules from ER storage for ________OR transport ___________out of cell 75 Golgi 76 Golgi Animation Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES 77 Lysosomes digestive • Contain ________ ___________ enzymes food • Break down ________, ________, bacteria and _____ worn out cell parts for cells cell • Programmed for _____ death ________(AUTOLYSIS) • Lyse (break open) & enzymes release _________to break down & recycle cell parts) 78 Lysosome Digestion • Cells take in food by phagocytosis ____________ • Lysosomes digest ________the food & get rid of wastes __________ 79 Cilia & Flagella • Made of protein tubes called _____________ microtubules • Microtubules arranged (_______arrangement) 9 + 2 • Function in moving _______, in moving cells _______, or in small fluids particles across the cell surface 80 Cilia & Flagella • ______are Cilia shorter and more numerous on cells Flagella • _________ are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells 81 Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella 82 Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs Respiratory System 83 Vacuoles • Fluid filled sacks for storage ____________ • Small or absent in animal cells • Plant cells have a __________ Large central ____________ vacuole •No ___________in vacuoles bacterial cells 84 Vacuoles • In plants, they store Cell Sap _________ • Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes copyright cmassengale 85 Contractile Vacuole • Found in unicellular protists like paramecia ________________ • ______________intake Regulate water by pumping out ___ excess (homeostasis) • Keeps the cell from bursting lysing (__________) Contractile vacuole animation 86 Chloroplasts • Found only in producers _______(organisms containing chlorophyll ______________) • Use energy from sunlight __________to make glucose own food (________) • Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Sugars Bonds of __________ 87 Chloroplasts DOUBLE • Surrounded by ________ membrane • Outer membrane smooth Inner • ________membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids _____________ • Thylakoids in stacks Grana called ________& interconnected Stroma • _________– gel like material surrounding thylakoids 88 Chloroplasts • Contains its own _________ DNA • Contains enzymes & pigments for ____________ Photosynthesis • ______in animal Never or bacterial cells • Photosynthesis ____________– food making process 89 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? 90 Factors Affecting Cell Size Surface area • ______________(plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W) Volume • ________of a cell is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H) • Therefore, Volume increases FASTER _______ than the surface area 91 Cell Size • When the surface area is no longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the must divide cell ___________ • Therefore, the cells of an close organism are _______in size 92 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? About the same size, but … The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse! 93 copyright cmassengale 94
