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Parts of speech
Eight parts of speech:
• Noun
• pronoun
• verb
• adjective
• adverb
• preposition
• conjunction and
• interjection
Noun
A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing,
quality, action, feeling etc
Concrete noun
A concrete noun is one that names a concrete object
– person, place, thing, material or a collection of
things or persons etc.
Dara Singh is a great boxer
Proper nouns
A proper noun is the name given to a particular
place, person or thing to single it out from other of
its clags.
Paris is the capital of France
Common noun
A common noun is the name of a person, place or thing
of whose kind there are many others
The dog is a very faithful animal
Countable Nouns
The nouns that can be counted are called countable
nouns
E.g. Cars, sharpeners, pencils
Uncountable nouns
The nouns that cannot be counted (only their units are
counted)are called uncountable noun
E.g. : Sugar, petrol, coffee
Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in the place of an noun. ‘Pro’
means ‘for’ – word which stands in the place of.
Kinds of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns : I, we, you, he, she, it and they are called personal
pronouns because they are mostly used for persons. They are also called as
the subject/root/basic form of the pronoun.
First Person : The person who speaks is the first person.
Second person : the person whom the first person speaks to is the second
person
Third Person : The person or persons about whom a person speaks is the third
person(s).
2. Possessive Pronouns : A possessive pronoun stands for possession. They are
mine, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers, its.
The house is ours.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns : Pronouns which directly point out or refer to the
objects are called demonstrative pronoun. They are – this, that, these and
those.
This is my book.
4. Distributive pronouns : Pronouns which refer to persons or things one at a
time are called distributive pronouns.
They are – ‘each’ ‘either’ and ‘neither’
5. Interrogative Pronouns : An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a
question about the noun which it stand for. They are – what, who, whom,
which and whose.
What does the woman do?
6. Emphatic Pronouns : An emphatic pronoun emphasizes the action of the
subject. They are – myself, ourselves, themselves, yourself, yourselves,
himself, herself, itself.
Example :
I myself completed the work.
7. Reflexive Pronouns : A reflexive pronoun is used when the action of the
subject reflects upon itself.
Example :
I cut myself.
Verb
A verb is a word that denotes are action or predicates a fact A verb is awordthat
states an action, a fact or a happening. Without a verb a sentence cannot be formed.
The verb is the most important part in a sentence.
Kinds of verbs
1) Principal verbs
2) Auxillary verbs
Principal verbs
I lift this load
Auxiliary verbs
I can lift this load
Kinds of verbs
‘Be’ verbs
Am, is, are, was, were, be, been are the ‘be’ verbs.
Have, has, had are the ‘have’ verbs.
Transitive verb :
A transitive verb is a verb that passes the action of the does(subject) to the object.
Intransitive verb :
An intransitive verb is a verb that does not pass the action of the subject to the object
Some trees grow very tall.
Modal Auxiliaries
Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, ought, to,
have to, must, need are also called auxiliary verbs.
Adjective
Adjective means Additional
An adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a noun or a
pronoun
1. Raju is a tall boy (before the noun)
2. Ramu is very lazy
(after the noun)
Eight different kinds
1. Adjectives of quality /Description adjective
It shows the kind or quality of a person/thing
2. Adjectives of quantity
Show now much of a thing is meant
3. Proper adjectives
A proper adjective is formed from a proper – noun
4. Classes Adjectives
A class adjective describes the class or category to
which its noun belongs
5. Colour adjectives
A colour adjective describes the colour of its noun
6. Emphasizing adjectives
An emphasizing adjective lays stress on a fact
about is noun
7. Precision Adjectives
A precision adjective is used before the main
adjective to make the description previze
8. Adjectives of number
Show how many persons or things are meant
Kinds of adjectives
(1) Adjective of Quality (Descriptive Adjective) – It is
used to describe the quality of person or thing.
Chennai is a big city.
2) Adjective of Quantity : It shows the quantity of a
thing and answers the question ‘how much’?
I have got some money.
(3) Adjective of Number : It indicates the number of
persons or things or their order. It can be classified
into two types, namely definite numeral adjective and
indefinite numeral adjective.
Definite Numeral Adjectives are used to denote the exact
number.
(4) Distributive Adjectives : They are used to refer to
each one of a number.
Either of them can do it.
(5) Demonstrative Adjectives : They point out the thing or things.
(6) Interrogative Adjectives : Interrogatives adjectives are used to ask questions.
(7) Possessive Adjectives : Possessive pronouns function as possessive adjectives.
Example : My friend is an intelligent boy.
Adverb
An adverb is a word which gives additional information about a verb. An adverb
answers the questions when, how where. It modifies a verb.
Kinds of adverbs
(i) Adverb of Time : Adverbs of time answer the question ‘when’.
(ii) Adverb of Place : Adverbs of place answer the question ‘where’
(iii) Adverb of Manner : Adverbs of manner answers the question ‘how’.
(iv) Adverb of Frequency : Adverbs of frequency tell us ‘how often’.
Preposition
A preposition is a word placed before a noun, pronoun or ‘-ing-form’ to show its
relation with another word in the same sentence. (They link nouns and pronouns
with other words.) A preposition is also used with a verb.
Example : The cat is under the table.