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Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 1 May 07, 2017 Chapter 3: The Art of Egypt Middle Kingdom ( 11th - 14th Dynasties, or 11th - 13th dynasties) 1 Background 2 General 3 Chronology 4 c. 2200 - 1680 BC) begin with 11th dyn reinvigorated lasted for about 300 years, through the 12-13 dynasties from about 2050-1750 BC. 4 c. 2040 --> 11th dyn 11th dyn reasserted royal power Although the two kingdoms were finally reunited 11th -12 = most in 2130 BC (c. 2040 BCE) important by Thebian ruler Mentuhotep II c 2050-1750 BC the pharaoh did not regain the god-like power he had enjoyed during the OK. spell of divine kingship once broken never regains old effectiveness MK Capitol = Thebes in Upper Egypt 12th dynasty political authority less centralized provincial governors claim increasing powers limiting king's power to national concerns defense of Egyptian frontiers kings began maintaining standing armies in lower Nubia (south of modern Aswan) Janson 2134-1785 BC Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 2 May 07, 2017 From MK Specific terms having to do with irrigation "canal, levee.. 1st appear in MK documents & inscriptions 1st mention of ingenious methods of raising water to higher grounds Regional administration / farmers supervise irrigation locally Farmers enjoy relatively liberal rights & freedoms but required to turn over production to nobles or priests who owned the land but if fail to produce prescribed yields then harsh penalties Middle Kingdom Italics in religion lecture During the Middle Kingdom the god Amon (Amen) which had been relatively unknown became a powerful force due to the political successes of princes of Thebes. Question of how things came to be could have caused the emergence of Ptah Ptah = brought to prominence by priests of Memphis as the original creator of an ordered universe and all gods in it Italics in religion lecture Memphis = close to boundary between upper & lower Egypt Emergence of Osirisbelieved to possess the power of granting men a happy life after death Italics in religion lecture Everything--Nile floods household incidents Italics in religion lecture was the result of the will of a god Egyptian religion focused on the need for men to do things to please the gods Pharaoh was responsible for the care of the great deities But it was the responsibility of ALL men to please the gods Italics in religion lecture Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 3 May 07, 2017 Gods needed living quarters so they built temples and shrines Great temples were built by the pharaoh and tiny chapels were built in the homes Old kingdom? Wasn't it later that they built temples Artistic efforts decorated the temples Daily rituals had to be performed to meet the needs of the gods at the great temples and at the simple shrines. Italics in religion lecture A great number of priests were maintained to address, care for, and please the gods Proper provisions to allow for continued life of the ka was prob only affordable for the pharaohs Italics in religion lecture By the end of the Old Kingdom many nobles constructed their own tombs During the Old Kingdom the fate of the common man was unknown although some form of after life was available Some form of immortality By end of Middle Kingdom there was some order to religious thought and practice A few gods were recognized as most powerful especially: Major gods: Re- sun god Architecturally the obelisk was sacred to the sun god Re Amon- ram headed Amon - Re joined as king of the gods Osiris Most other gods subordinated to them Italics in religion lecture Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 4 May 07, 2017 Every king proclaimed self as the son of Re When alive-- he identified with Horus When died - identified w/ Osiris god of underworld Italics in religion lecture Middle Kingdom - c. 1800 BC Increasing interest in Osiris, god of the underworld Italics in religion lecture as a result there was more emphasis on living a righteous life Later believed that after death Osiris judged and evaluated truthfulness of their soul. If passed = everlasting life in garden paradise. Failure = cast into the jaws of a monster The expectation of immortality idea of rewards and punishments after death Italics in religion lecture were original contributions to the religious beliefs of the world Italics in religion lecture Pictograms came to be known as hieroglyphics = sacred carvings because Egyptian writing was mainly religious in nature The widespread acceptance of a few great gods who watch over the fate of all Egyptians provided a unifying force. Egypt never achieved religious unity, local cults persisted Italics in religion lecture Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 5 May 07, 2017 Middle Kingdom Sculpture During 1st Intermediate Began to move away from portrayal of kings as vigorous but placid young men Many MK sculptors continued to express special awareness of hardship fragility of human existence General :MK sculp royal portraits of MK do not always reflect idealized rigidity of earlier emulate non-official portrait sculp Senwosret III (Sesostris) Dyn 12, S3-24 Sesostris III (ruled 1878-1843 BC) Black Granite 21 1/2" high Brooklyn Mus Middle Kingdom Dynamic king Successful general Led 4 military expeditions into Nubia Overhauled central administration of Egypt Did allot to regain control ver country's increasingly independent nobles Portrait reflects achievements, personality, inner thoughts. Wise man in ways of world but lonely, saddened, burdened... by responsibility Senwosret III (Sesostris) Dyn 12, conventional block like pose seated, frontal, erect Less than 2' tall Suggest monumentality of earlier OK (Khafre) Middle Kingdomc 2200-1680 BC janson= 2134-1785 BC 11-13 or 14 dynasties Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 6 May 07, 2017 3-24 Sesostris III (ruled 1878-1843 BC) from the Temple of Medamud, Granite 11" high EMus, Cairo Middle Kingdom J91 Sesostris III c 1850 BCE 6 1/8" tall G3-15A Khafre (side) from Gizeh, c. 2500 BC, Diorite 66" high EMus, Cairo Portrait of Sesostris,(Senwosret III) The portrait of Sesostris, when compared to that of Khafre, seems to be that of a man rather than a god Sculpture of MK shows a greater sensitivity of expression but maintains essential characteristics estab in Old Kingdom New level of self awareness preoccupied Emotionally drained Deep creases, line, sagging cheeks Eyes sunken Eyelids droop, jaw sternly set Physical/ Psychological realism Head = detail of a sphinx has a pessimistic expression that also reflects the dominant mood of the literature of the Middle kingdom determined ruler in brooding meditation MK repres that is personal, almost intimate, revelation of the mark of anxiety that a troubled age might leave on the soul of a king. Beginning of tradition of portraiture of Rome and Renaissance Khafre gazes into future confident, secure, serene All images of Senwosret (Sesostris) II betray a pessimistic view of life degree of distrust Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 7 May 07, 2017 Small Objects Found in Tombs Hippo S03-25 Hippo S03-26 Pectoral Senwosret III 7 7/8" Egyptian faience - distinct lustrous glaze Eternal hippo hunt Moral triumph Scarab beetle = symbol of RA = suggestive of rebirth Cartouche = oval formed by loop of rope Faience = glass paste Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 8 May 07, 2017 Middle Kingdom Architecture Early Middle Kingdom Pyramids Continued to build pyramids but at a much smaller scalebut to thwart thieves they began to make ingenious and intricate interior layouts Entrances no longer in center of the north side as was traditional but were hidden and screened from the secret tomb chamber by various types of sliding portcullises and by a series of passages that turned and doubled back on themselves at various levels in labyrinthine fashion. Less massive that OK versions MK were built of brick or as stone frameworks filled w/ brick or rubble. Decreased size of pyramids was partly replaced by increased size of sarcophagilarge, heavy, designed like small tomb chambers. Pyramids were abandoned and the tombs were cut into rock Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 9 May 07, 2017 Kahun S3-19 Plan of North section of Kahun Middle Kingdom Town built by Senwosret II (dyn 12) near his tomb complex at el-LAHUN Unique view of MK social structure Built to provide housing for king, officials, court workers Egypt used mudbrick for own dwellings. Bricks have disintegrated or removed by farmers for fertilizer Only foundations remain Map of site shows: Straight streets & avenues mainly E-W direction Rectangular blocks divided into lots for homes, bldgs Town design shows 3 distinct economic / social levels Senwosret II house = highest ground semi-fortified fronted by large open square East Palaces - district connected to square by wide ave occ by priests, court officials, and families houses large/comfortable private living quarters public rooms grouped around courtyards some had as many as 70 rooms spread over 1/2 acre West district: sep from rest of town by solid wall workers & families small 5 room row houses built back to back along straight narrow streets Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 10 May 07, 2017 Rock -cut tombs at Beni Hasan G3-21 Plan an section of a rock-cut tomb G3-20 Rock cut tombs, Beni Hasan, c. 2000 BC Most char remains of Middle Kingdom = Tombs of local princes Rock cut tombs at Beni Hasan, south of Memphis Beni Hasan = east side of Nile Nobility & high level officials Best preserved is that of Khunumhotep Khnum-hotep Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom The rock cut tombs largely replaced the Old Kingdom mastabas Hollowed out of living rock, fronted by a shallow, columned portico The portals and chambers contained reserved columns, (engaged) shaped as if they were planed wooden logs with rectangular boardlike capitals They "support" great timber-shaped stone beams. Though all are continuous parts of the rock, the sculptured shapes represent simple wooden chambers, built on a post and lintel system. Rock cut tombs at other spots along Nile exhibit variations on this simple plan W/ diff types of entrances diff interior layouts Contained fundamental units of Egyptian architecture: 1) a portico or vestibule (open colonnaded court) 2) a columned hall 3) and a sacred chamber (small burial chamber) Hall interior of the rock cut tomb of Amenemhet G3-22 Hall interior of the tomb of Amenemhet Beni- Hasan, c. 1930 BC Middle Kingdom the reserve columns serve no supporting function as they are continuous parts of living rock just as are the columns of the portico Tomb walls were decorated with paintings and painted reliefs, sim subj to Old Kingdom Is Amenemhet the same as Khunumhotep ? Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 11 May 07, 2017 xxxxxxxxxxx Pre dynastic stele from Abydos, Louvre, Paris XXXXXXXXX X Pre-dynastic architectural ideas were still vital for architects of the New Kingdom pre - dynastic stele from Abydos A pre - dynastic stele from Abydos, now in the Louvre, depicts an ancient temple, its columns made of bundled papyrus stem. The same shapes are used in columns of New kingdom temples but the ancient reed bundles have been reproduced in stone. Since stone was much more prevalent in Egypt than in Mesopotamia, Egyptian builders utilized it instead of the sun dried brick We know a good deal more about Egyptian architecture than we know about that of Mesopotamia because of this Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 12 May 07, 2017 Middle Kingdom Tomb Painting at Rock Cut Temple at Beni Hasan Feeding of Oryxes 62753 G3-23 J92 Feeding of Oryxes, fresco from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan, c 1900 BC. Tempera facsimile. OR-x c 1920 BC Tomb of Khnum-hotep (Beni Hasan Oryxes antelope = emblem of prince's domain honored pet of the household OK tradition = all figures share groundline Here secondary ground line is only slightly higher than first so 2 grps relate similar to normal appearance experimenting w/ spatial effects Foreshortening of shoulders of 2 attendants Shows some development of overlapping space and foreshortening, yet most of conventions are maintained. Hieroglyphics compromise the foreshortening by emphasizing the flat wall Harvest Scene S03-23 J92 Harvest Scene fresco from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan, c 1900 BC. Tempera facsimile. Tomb of Khnum-hotep (Beni Hasan Page 111 OR-x Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 13 May 07, 2017 Egyptian Architecture Egyptian architects very seldom used arches, preferring the post and lintel system 3-14 G3-14A-c2 Middle aisle of the hall of pillars, valley temple of the Pyramid of Khafre, Gizeh, c 2500 BC Column shapes Egyptians used columns of many shapes: Various types of reed bundles G3-32 Model of hypostyle hall, Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, c 1280 BC, MetMus, NYC 15006 Karnak Temple of Amon Hypostyle Hall, NK XIX dyn 1314 - 1197 BC G3-22 Hall interior of the tomb of Amenemhet, Beni Hasan, c 1930 BC simple many- sided geometric columns 3-22 ?1111 Temple of Horus, interior detail, Edfu columns in the shapes of lily buds, open papyrus flowers (3-32), and palms, Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 14 May 07, 2017 U173 View of Court in Temple of Rameses III, East Bank of River at Karnak, c 1198 - 1167 BC G3-28 Plan of typical pylon temple G3-27 Interior of the Temple of Rameses II, Abu Simbel. and even columns in the shapes of human beings, which were known as caryatids = female Atlantids = male (3-27) G3-33A Left: Court and pylon of Ramses II, c 1280 BC; right: court and colonnade of Amenhotep III, c 1370 BC The bud shape and the open flower or bellshaped were the most popular (3-33) Although differing in details, most Egyptian temples were constructed like the one illustrated in the plan in 3-28 Egyptian plans, like Egyptian sculpture, are generally bilaterally symmetrical, being constructed along a corridor axis. Chap. 3- Egypt-General - 15 May 07, 2017 Gardner Map Second Intermediate Period c 2150- 2050 BC The Middle Kingdom disintegrated Turbulent interruption in succession of dynasties ruling a unified country Middle Kingdom Egypt was overthrown in the 13th dynasty by the Hyskos, a displaced Asiatic tribe brought to a close by the invasion of the Hyksos (or Shepherd Kings), a migrant Semitic Asiatics from the Syrian and Mesopotamian uplands Somewhat mysterious origin Eastern Mediterranean people Somewhat mysterious origin Ruled for 150 yrs until expulsion by princes of Thebes c 1570 the Hyksos brought with them a new and influential culture and the horse the dominance of the Hyksos was once thought to be disastrous but later it was clear that their infl kept Egypt in the mainstream of Bronze Age culture in the eastern Mediterranean and it was almost 150-200 years before they were driven out in the 16th c BC and the New Kingdom was established. This period corresponds to the rise of Babylon under Hammurabi and its conquest around 1600 BC by the Hittites Their innovations in weaponry and techniques of war contributed to their own overthrow by native Egyptian kings of the 17th dyn Thutmose III - 51 year reign was the greatest pharaoh of the New Kingdom perhaps of all E history successors followed his grand traditions optimistic mood of new era Expulsion by princes of Thebes c. 1570