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Splanchnology
一、Introduction
1
Conception :
study of viscera(internal organs)
2 Organs of viscera : include the organs of the alimentary system,
respiratory system, urinary system and genital system.
3 Location of viscera： thoracic,abdominal and pelvic cavity
4 Classify of visera:
·Tubular viscus : four layers →Mucosa、submucosa、muscular layer、
Serosa or adventitia
·Parenchymatous organs :
二、Reference lines
Lobules 、hilum or porta
and abdominal regions
（一）The common used reference lines of the Thorax
1
anterior：

Anterior median line

Sternal line

Midclavicular line

Parasternal line
2
lateral：

Anterior axillary line

Midaxillary line

Posterior axillary line
3
posterior：

Scapular line

Posterior median line
（二）Abdominal regions：four lines and nine regions

Four lines
1 Two horizontal lines ：Upper horizontal plane or transpyloric plane 、
Lower horizontal plane or transtubercular plane
2
Two longitudinal lines
·Nine regions
1 Superior : Epigastric region , Right hypochondriac , Left hypochondriac
2
Middle : Umbilical region,
Right lumbar region, Left
lumbar region
3 Inferior: Pubic (hypogastric)region , Right inguinal region ,Left inguinal region
The second chapter:
Alimentary system
 Digestive canal : Mouth、Pharynx、Esophagus、Stomach、 Small
Intestines 、Large intestines
 Digestive glands：Major glands(parotid ,submandibular and sublingual
glands, liver and pancreas) , minor glands ( lip , cheek , tongue and
wall of digestive canal)
The first part: digestive canal
Section one
The oral cavity
一、Introduction
1 The oral vestibule
2 Oral cavity proper

The space behind the 3th molar teeth on each side

Lateral wall : Cheeks → opening of the parotid duct

Roof : Palate
palate

Hard palate:anterior 2/3

soft palate:posterior 1/3

uvula

palatoglossal arch

palatopharyngeal arch

tonsillar fossa

Isthmus of fauces
二、 Oral cavity contents
 Teeth
 Tongue
 Salivary glands
1.Teeth
1)Two sets of teeth in man
Deciduous (milk) : 20 in number
Permanent : 28~32 in number
2）Morphology of teeth
crown of tooth 、neck of tooth 、root of tooth

Dental pulp cavity

root canal of tooth

Dental pulp
3)The structure of the teeth and periodontal structure：

Dental tissues : dentin,enamel,cement,Cavum dentis (dental pulp)

Periodeontal structure :Alveolar bone,Periodontal membranen,gums
4）The morphological classification and arrangement of the teeth
classification:
two Incisors
one canine
Molars

Two premolars

Three molars
2 Tongue

Muscular organ covering mucosa on the surface

Function: Digestive organ,Pronounce organ,Tasting organ

Location

Morphology

Tongue muscle
1)Location:

Lies partly in the floor of the mouth

Partly in the lower part of the pharynx
2）Tongue morphology
(1) Division : a root 、an apex and a body
(2) Two surfaces:
A Dorsum or superior surface
papillae:

vallate papillae

Fungiform papillae

Filiform papillae
B ventral or inferior surface
Frenulum of tongue , sublingual caruncle , sublingual fold；
(3) Lingual tonsil
3）Tongue muscles: striated muscles
 (1) Intrinsic muscles

Longitudinal tongue muscles
Superior longitudinal muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle

Horizontal tongue muscles

Perpendicular tongue muscle
(2) Extrinsic muscles

3
Genioglossus , Styloglossus , Hyoglossus ,Myloglossus
Salivary glands
 (1)parotid gland：

location：

duct：
Opening at cheek mucosa , oppsite the crown of the upper 2nd molar of
maxilla

(2)submandibular gland
 location
 duct: open on the sublingual caruncle
(3) Sublingual gland
 Location
 Duct : major duct opens on the sublingual caruncle; minor ducts open
on the sublingual fold.
The second section: pharynx
 Location:
 Subdivisions

nasopharynx

oropharynx

Laryngopharynx
 Pharygeal muscles
一、Location
二、Subdivision
(一) Nasopharynx
Location: from cranial base to the level of soft palate
(二）
Structures:
Choanae( posterior nasal apertures )
Tubal torus
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
Pharyngeal recess
Phartngeal Tonsil
（二）Oropharynx
 Location:above the level of the soft palate and below
border of the epiglottis.
 Structures
of the superior

Palatine tonsil

Tonsil recess

Epiglottic vallecula
（三）Laryngopharynx
·Location : between the superior border of the epiglottis and the
inferior border of the sixth cervical verterbra
·Piriform recess
The third section: esophagus
一、Location and subdivision of esophagus
·Begin at C6 inferior border, extend from pharynx to stomach, about
25cm long.
·Subdivisions: Cervical part,Thoracic part, Abdominal part
二、Narrows of esophagus
1 At its commencement, 15cm from the incisor
2 Cross part of left and right bronchus, 25cm
3 Passes(pierces) through the diaphragm
三、Structure of esophagus
Muscular layer:
Upper end: striated muscles
Middle part: mixture of striated and smooth muscles
Lower end:smooth muscles
The fourth section: stomach
 The location
 The parts of stomach
 The musculature and inner surface
一、Location of stomach：
 Left hypochondriac region and Epigastric region
二、The parts of stomach
Two orifices：

Cardiac orifice

pyloric orifice
Four parts：

Cardiac part

Pyloric part：Pyloric antrum，Pyloric canal

Body

Fundus
Two curvatures ：greater and lesser
One incisure：Angular incisure
三、 The musculature and inner surface

Mucosa or mucous membrane ：
Pyloric valve

submucous

Muscle layer：
Three layers

Outer longitudinal layer

Inner oblique layer:

pyloric sphincter

Middle circular muscular layer

serosa
The fifth section: the small intestine
Conception : between pylorus and cecum
Subdivisions:

Duodenum

Jejunum

ileum
5～7m in long：
Flexures

Duodenojejunal flexure

Suspensory muscle of duodeunm(ligament of Treitz)
一、Duodenum

Location: 25cm, between pylorus and jejunum;

Subdivision:
Upper part:
Descending part: major duodenal papilla
Horizontal part:
Ascending part:
二、Jejunum and ileum
jejunum
Length:
Caliber:
ileum
upper 2/5
greater
lower 3/5
lesser
Fold of mucous member: much and higher
less and lower
Blood supply:
less
much
Lymph lymphatic follicles : solitary
aggregated
The sixth section: large intestine
 Features of the colon

Colic bands

Haustra of colon

Epiploic appendices
 Subdivision：

caecum

Colon

Rectum
一、Caecum
 Location:
 ileocaecal
the right iliac fossa
valves
二、Vermiform appendix
1 Attachment : spring from the posteromedial wall of the caecum, below
the end of the ileum
2
3
4
Several Positions :
■
Behind or in front of the terminal part of the ileum
■
Below or behind the caecum
■
Below the brim of the lesser pelvis
McBurney’ point ( surface projection of the root of the appendix) : opposite junction of
the lateral and middle thirds of the line joining the anterior superior iliac spine to the
umbilicus.
How to find the appendix : three colic bands converge on the root of the appendix.
三、Colon
1 Ascending colon

Right colic flexure
2
Transverse colon

Left colic flexure
3
Descending colon；
4
Sigmoid colon
四、Rectum
1 Location：
2 Feature：sacral flexure and perineal flexure
5
Structures：ampulla of rectum , transverse folds of rectum
五、Anal canal
1 Morphology

Anal columns

Anal valves

Anal sinuses

Dentate line

Anal pecten
2
Sphinter muscles
internal anal sphincter
externus anal sphincter
The seventh section: liver (hepar)
·Location
·Lobes and ligaments
·The gallbladder and biliary ducts
一、Location and shape

Shape: Wedge-shape

Location
Upper and right parts of the abdominal cavity below the right half
of the diaphragm and extend to the left midline for about 3cm.
二、Lobes of liver and morphological features
■Superior (diaphragmatic) surface:
Left and right lobes by the falciform lig.
■Inferior (visceral) surface
H shape sulcus

Left longitudinal fissures : anterior, posterior

Right longitudianl fissures: anterior, posterior

Horizontal fissures:

Porta hepatis
Lobes:quadrate lobe,caudate lobe, left and right lobes
三、The gallbladder and biliary ducts
·Gallbladder
Fundus
Body
Neck→ cystic duct
·The bile duct:
Right and left hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct , and cystic duct
→ common bile duct, and pancreatic duct → hepatopancreatic ampulla →
greater duodenal papilla

The eighth section: pancreas
Location: between L1~2, on the posterior wall of the abdomen；
Morphology and structure: Head ,(Neck) ,Body,Tail
Pancreatic duct：major duodenal papilla
Function：Endocrine part: Insulin,
Exocrine part: Enzymes
Objective:
1. To know about the definition of viscera.
2. To know about the reference lines of thorax and abdominal regions.
3. To master the composition of digestive system
4.To master the structuresof the oral cavity : palatine tonsil , uvula,
palatoglossal arch , palatopharyngeal arch , tonsillar fossa , Isthmus
of fauces
5.
To know about the classify of the deciduous and permanent teeth.
6.
To master the structure of the teeth.
7.
To master the locations and openings of the salivary glands.
8. To master the subdivision of pharynx .
9. To master the structures of pharynx : tubal torus ,pharyngeal opening
of auditory tube, Pharyngeal recess , pharyngeal tonsil
10. To master the subdivision and three constrictions of esophagus.
11. To master the location, shape and subdivision of stomach.
12. To master the subdivision of small intestine.
13.
To master the location and subdivision of duodenum.
14.
To master the difference between jejunum and ileum.
15.
To master the subdivision of large intestine.
16.
To master the characteristics of form of colon.
17.
To master the locations and structures of cecum and vermiform appendix.
18. To master the surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix.
19. To master the location and structures of rectum (sacral flexure and
perineal flexure , ampulla of rectum , transverse folds of rectum )
20. To master the location and structure of anal canal.( dentate line,
anal pectin internal and external anal sphincter
21. To master the location and surface anatomy of liver.
22. To master the H-shaped group of fissures and fossae.
23. To master the lobes of liver .
24. To master the location and division of gallbladder.
25. To master the composition of bile ducts.
The third chapter : the respiratory system
Respiratory canal
nose，pharynx， larynx，trachea，principal bronchi with their branches
upper respiratory tract : nose，pharynx， larynx
lower respiratory tract ：trachea，principal bronchi with their branches
Lungs: organ for exchange air
The first section: nose
 一、External nose

Apex

Back of nose

Root of nose

Alae of nose
二、Nasal cavity

Nasal vestibule： limen nasi

Proper nasal cavity ：lateral wall
Superior,middle and inferior nasal conchae
Superior,middle and inferior nasal meatuses
Function:Olfactory and respiratory regions
三、paranasal sinuses
maxillary siuns，、frontal sinus，ethmoid sinus，sphenoidal sinus
The second section: Pharynx
 Common channel for both alimentary system and respiratory system
The third section: larynx
Location：the neck of region in front of the fourth ,fifth and sixth
cervical vertebrae.


Structures：cartilages，joint and ligaments,

Laryngeal cavity
muscle
一、Laryngeal cartilages
Thyroid cartilage：laryngeal prominence, superior thyroid notch,
superior and inferior cornu

Cricoid cartilage：lamina of cricoid cartilage , arch of cricoid
cartilage


Arytenoid cartilages: vocal process, muscular process

Epiglottic cartilage
二、Laryngeal joints and connective membrane
 Cricothyroid joint
 Cricoarytenoid joint
三、Laryngeal ligaments and menbranes
 Thyrohyoid membrane
 Conus elasticus : superior border →vocal ligament
 Quadrangular membranes
四、Laryngeal muscles

Open the glottis：posterior cricoarytenoid
Close the glottis：transvers arytenoid，oblique arytenoid

Tense and lengthen the vocal fold: posterior cricorytenoid

Relax and shorten the vocal fold: thyroarytenoid
五、Laryngeal cavity
■
Two pair of folds: vestibular folds , vocal folds
■ Two fissures: rima vestibuli, fissure of glottis
■
Subdivision: three parts → Laryngeal vestibule ， Intermedial cavity of larynx ，
Infraglottic cavity
The third section: trachea and bronchi
一、Trachea

Location
Structure：15~30 C-shape tracheal cartilages，smooth muscle and
connective tissues.


Feature:

Bifurcation of trachea

Carina of trachea
二、Bronchi

Two principal bronchus：left and right principal bronchus

Structure feature of right principal bronchus

Short(2~3cm)

wider

vertical

Structure feature of left principal bronchus

Long(4~5cm)

finer

Less vertical
■Bronchial tree
Lobar bronchi→segmental bronchi→bronchioles→terminal bronchioles
→alveoli
The fourth section: lungs
一、Location and function of lungs
Location : Situated one each side with in the thorax, and separated
from each other by the heart and other contents of the mediastinum.


Functions
二、External feature of lungs

An apex,

A base,

Two surface

Diaphragmatic surface

Medial surface：root of lung，hilum of lung

Three borders
三、the lobes and bronchopulmonary segments
 Lobes of the lungs

Left lung: two lobes

Right lung: three lobes
 Segments of lung

Tens segments
The fifth section: pleura
Concept: a serous membrane, that lines the inner surface of the thorax
and the surface of lungs


一、The parietal pleura

Costal pleura

Diaphragmatic pleura

Mediastinal pleura

Cupula of pleura

二、The visceral pleura

Pulmonary ligament
三、the pleural cavity and recesses
 Costodiaphragmatic recess
 Costomediastinal recess
四、Project of the inferior margins of lung and pleurae
lungs
Midclavicular
line
6th rib
pleurae
8th rib
Midaxillary line Post. Median
line
8th rib
T10 spinal
process
10th rib
T12 spinal
process
The sixth section: mediastinum
Concept：defined as the interval between the right and left pleural
sacs.

Subdivision：by the line drawn horizontally from the sternal angle
the lower border of 4th thoracic vertebra.


Superior mediastinum

Inferior mediastinum

Anterior mediastinum

Middle mediastinum

Posterior mediastinum

Contents
The fourth part: urinary system
 Kidney : Form urine
 Ureter:
Convey urine
 Urinary bladder : Store urine
to
Urethra: Expel urine
The first section: kidneys
一、
The Form of kidneys：bean-shaped, 10cm long ,
5cm wide, 4cm thick
二、Structure of kidney

Renal cortex：Renal columns

Renal medulla :

Renal pyramids

Renal papillae

Minor renal calyx

Major renal calyx

Renal pelvis
二、
Location and coverings
（一）Location：
Behind the parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal) . Left
kidney situated at level of the inferior border between T12 and L3 ，
but right kidney lower 1/2 vertebra
（二）Coverings：from inner to outer

Fibrous capsule

Adipose capsule

Renal fascia
三、
Renal segments and abnormal kidney
■ Five segments:
according to way of artery

Superior segment

Superioanterior segment

Anteroinferior segment

Inferior segment

Posterior segment
■ Abnormal kidney
multilocular cyst of kidney , horseshoe kidney , double renal pevis
The second section: ureters
 Subdivision:

Abdominal segment

Pelvic segment

Intramural segment
 Constricted parts:
1 at the junction of the ureter and the renal pelvis
2 at the point where ureter crosses the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis
3 at the intramural part
The third section: urinary bladder
一、Form and location of bladder
 Form:

Apex
Fundus

Body

Neck
 Location：lesser pelvis inferior to the peritoneum
二、Internal structures of bladder
 Inferior orifice of urethra
 Ureteric orifice
 Trigone of bladder：
 Interureteric ridge
The fourth section: urethra
 Male urethra：
 Female urethra：

Discharge of urine

Feature：short、wide、straight
The fifth part : The reproductive(genital) system
Chapter I The male reproductive system
Be divided into two parts: internal and external genital organs.
1 Internal genital organs:
a.Gonads:testes
b.Conveying duct: epididymes, ductus deferens,ejaculatory duct and urethra
c.Accessory glands: seminal vesicle, prostate,bulbourethral gland
2 External genital organs: Penis and scrotum
一、 The internal genital organs
（一） The testes
1 Location: in the scrotum
2 Shape: oval-shape. Has two extremities, two surfaces and two borders
3 Structure
Content of connective tissues：
• Tunica albuginea
• Septula testis
Gland tissue：
a. Lobules testis
b.Contorted semniferous tubules
c.Rete testis
d.Efferent ductules of testis
4 Function:
(二) Epididymis
1 Morphology
head
body
tail
2 Structure : Ductus deferens
(三) Ductus deferens
1
Course
2
Division:
The testicular part
The funicular part:vasectomy is performed here
The inguinal part
The pelvic part
(四)Ejaculatory duct
Formed by the union of the end part of the dutus deferens and the seminal vesicle
duct.
(五)Spermatic cord
1
Contents：ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampeniform plexus of vein,
nervous plexus, lymphatic vessels and the remnants of the vaginal process.
2 Course: extend from the upper extremity of the testis to the inguinal deep ring.
(六) Seminal vesicle
1 Location：behind the urinary bladder , lateral to the ampulla ductus deferentis
2 Function
（七）Prostate
1 Location：between the urinary bladder and the urogenital diaphragm.
2 Division: base, body and apex
3 Structure：gland and muscles
4 Five lobes:
anterior ,left and right lobes as well as posterior lobes
5 Capusle
（八）bulbourethral gland
situated in the deep transverse muscle of perineum
The second section: external genital organs
 Scrotum
 Penis：
一、Scrotum
1 Location：posteroinferior to the penis
2 Structure：skin, dartos
3 Function
二、Penis
1 Structures：
one cavernous body of urethra
two cavernous bodies of penis
2
Division：
Head(glans)
Body
Root
3 prepuce
The third section: male urethra
1
Course:
2
Subdivision:
The prostatic portion
The membranous portion
The cavernous portion
3
Three narrows：internal urethral orfice, the membranous portion and external
urethral orifice
4
Three expends：the prostatic portion, bulbous portion of urethra and navicular
fossa
5
Two curvatures: the subpubic curvature and the prepubic curvature
The chapter II: female genital organs
Be composed of internal and external genital organs .
1.Internal genital organs include:
a.gonads:ovaries
b.conveying ducts:the uterine tube, uterus and vagina
2.External genital organ is termed the female pudendum collectively.
The first section: internal genital organs
一、ovaries
1
Shape：a pair of oval organs.has two surfaces, two borders and two extremities.
2
Location：on the lateral wall of the pelvis.
3 Ligaments: the proper lig. of ovary, the suspensory lig. of ovary.
4 Function：produce ova and secrete female hormones.
5 Development:
二、The uterine tube
1 Location：situated on each side of uterus close to the lateral of wall of the
lesser pelvis.
2 Subdivision:
a. Uterine part
b. Isthmus of uterine tube : legation is performed here.
c. Ampulla of uterine tube: fertilization occurs here.
d. Infundibulum of uterine tube
三、The uterus
1 Location: in the centrer of the pelvis, between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
2 Division:
a.Fundus
b.Body
c.Cervix
• Supravaginal part
• Vaginal part
3 Interior cavity
a.cavity of uterus
b. Cervical canal of uterus: lower end is termed the orifice of uterus.
4 Postur :
 Anteversion
 anteflexion
5 The supporting structures of uterus：
The normal position is maintained by the supporting ligaments of uterus, the pelvic
diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm, vagina and neighboring connective tissues. the supporting
ligaments of uterus as following:
a.Broad ligament
b.Round ligament
c.Cardinal
ligament
d.Uterosacral ligament
6 The structure of uterus
a.Endometrium
b.Myometrium
c.Perimetrium:serous coat
四、The vagina
1 Function: copulation , birth canal and passage for the menstrual flow.
2 Structure：muscular canal. The opening of the lower portion is called the vaginal
orifice. The upper end forms the fornix of vagina.
The second section: external organs
a.mons pubis
b.greater lip：skin
c.lesser lip：mucosa
d.vestibular fossa of vagina：
e.glans of clitoris：
d.hymen：
e.Bulb of vestibule：
f.Greater vestibular glands(barholins glands)：
mammae
1
Shape: Nipple, areola of breast
2
Location：between 3 -6 ribs vertically, from the parasternal line to midaxillary
line transversely.
3
Structure：
 Mammary gland: 15-20 gland lobes and lactiferous duct.
 Adipose tissue
4 The suspensory ligament
The section III : perineum
一、Introduction
1 Concept：diamond –shaped region of outlet of the pelvis,includes all of the soft
tissue between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx.
2 Division:
a.Urogenital region:
b.Anal region:
3 Obstetrical perineum
二 The anal region
1 Muscles of the anal region
a.Sphincter ani externus
b.Levator ani
c.Coccygeus
2
Superior and inferior fasciae of pelvic diaphragm
3
Ischiorectal fossa
三 The urogenital region
1 Muscles of the urogenital region
superficial muscles
a.Superficial transverse muscle of perineum
b.Bulbocabvernosus
c.ischiocaveruosus
deep muscles
a.Deep transverse muscle of perineum
b.External sphincter of urethra (urethrovaginal sphincter)
2 The fasciae of urogenital diaphragm
 The superficial fascia
 The inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
 The urogenital diaphragm
 Superficial perineal space
 Deep perineal space