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Parts of Speech
Time to make some sense of
all of this – leave your shame in the
past!
What is a NOUN?
• A noun is a word used to name a person,
place, thing, or idea.
What are the types of NOUNS?
• A common noun is a noun that does not name
a particular person, place, or thing.
– Common nouns are not capitalized
• Examples:
What are the types of NOUNS?
• A proper noun is the name of a particular
(specific) person, place, or thing.
– Proper nouns are capitalized
• Examples:
What are the types of NOUNS?
• An abstract noun names a quality, a
characteristic, and/or an idea
• Examples:
What are the types of NOUNS?
• A concrete noun names an object that can be
seen, heard, touched, etc.
• Examples:
What are the types of NOUNS?
• A collective noun names a group
– Examples: class, team, crowd
• A compound noun is a noun of more than one
word: world history, literary analysis,
Mariana Bracetti Academy Charter School
What is a PRONOUN?
• A pronoun is a word used in place of one or
more nouns.
• An antecedent is the word that a pronoun
replaces or refers to
– Ex. Tim forgot his book in his locker and so
was given 10 Saturday detentions.
Antecedent
Pronoun
What are the types of PRONOUNS?
• Pronouns: personal, relative, interrogative,
demonstrative, and indefinite
What are the types of PRONOUNS?
• Personal – first, second, and third person
– Singular pronouns: one person
– Plural pronouns: more than one person
• Possessive personal pronouns – show
ownership
What are the types of PRONOUNS?
Personal:
Singular
Plural
*First Person
(possessive)
I, me
(my, mine)
we, us
(our, ours)
*Second Person
(possessive)
you
(your, yours)
you
(your, yours)
Third Person
(possessive)
he, him, she, her,
it
(his, her, hers, its)
they, them
(their, theirs)
Big Tip! When you are writing papers in the Honors English class you may
NOT use first or second person personal pronouns!
Other Kinds of Pronouns
• Reflexive Pronouns: reflects the subject of the
sentence – there will always be at least one word
between a reflexive pronoun and its antecedent.
– Ex. Luke Skywalker made himself a lightsaber.
• Intensive Pronoun: emphasizes a noun or pronoun in
the same sentence – almost always comes right after
its antecedent.
– Ex. Luke Skywalker himself blew up the Death Star.
• Reflexive and intensive pronouns are formed by
adding –self or –selves to personal pronouns.
Other Kinds of Pronouns
• Demonstrative Pronouns: point out specific
things: this, these, that, and those
– Ex. I prefer my chair to that over there.
• Indefinite Pronouns: refer to things not
specifically identified – usually don’t have
antecedents – another, nothing, only, both,
all, any, more, etc.
– Ex. Everyone loves Star Wars!
– These are important! MORE ON THIS LATER!
Other Kinds of Pronouns
• Relative Pronoun: introduces a noun or
adjective clause – who, whom, which, that,
what, whose
– Ex. Luke Skywalker, who is the coolest person ever,
flies in space.
• Interrogative Pronoun: introduces a question
– who, whom, which, what, whose
– Ex. Who is Luke Skywalker?
What is a ADJECTIVE?
• An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or
pronoun
– Modify: give a more specific or definite meaning to a
word (change the meaning)
• Adjectives modify nouns/pronouns in 3 different
ways
1. By telling what kind
•
Blue eyes, large city
2. By pointing out which one
•
This man, That suggestion
3. By telling how many
• Several reasons, ten players
What is a ADJECTIVE?
• Normally, adjectives come before the word it
modifies
• Predicate adjective
– From time to time, the adjective will come after
the word it is modifying
– The predicate adjective is separated from the
word it modifies by a verb
• Stephen is motivated.
• He looks tall.
Warning! Confusion to follow…
• Sometimes, the same word could be an adjective
or a pronoun
– Which pen do you want?
• Adjective because which modifies pen
– Which do you want?
• Pronoun because it takes the place of the noun that was
likely mentioned before
• Sometimes nouns can be used as adjectives
– Examples: table tennis, dog house
(bolded words modify nouns)
WHAT IS THE WORLD COMING TO?!?
What is a VERB?
• A verb is a word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a statement.
• Action Verbs:
– Actions can be physical, such as hit, play, jump,
and run
– Actions can be mental, such as think, know,
imagine, and believe
More on Action Verbs
• Transitive Verbs: verbs that have (or take) an
object
– Object: a noun or pronoun that receives the
action of the verb
– Example: The catcher dropped the ball.
• The ball is the object because it is the thing being dropped.
More on Action Verbs
• Intransitive Verbs: verbs that can express
action without objects
– Example: Mr. Jones snores at night.
• Notice that the verb does not have an object that takes
the action
Linking Verbs
• Linking Verbs: verbs that express a state or
condition
• These verbs link to the subject a noun, pronoun,
or adjective that describes or identifies it.
• Ex: Grammar is important.
Subject
Linking Verb
Adjective
More on Linking Verbs
• The most common linking verb is the verb be
• Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being,
been (and all verb phrases ending in be, being,
or been, such as can be, is being, and could
have been)
• Ex: Ms. Howell’s students are super smart.
are is a linking verb
Other Common Linking Verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Appear
Become
Feel
Grow
Look
Remain
•
•
•
•
•
Seem
Smell
Sound
Stay
Taste
• Some of the verbs in this list can also be used as
action verbs. In general, a verb is a linking verb if
you can substitute it with a form of the verb
seem.
For Examples…
• The detective looked puzzled.
– Linking  you can replace looked with seemed
• The detective looked for clues.
– Action  the object of the action verb is clues
Helping Verbs & the Verb Phrase
• A verb phrase is made up of a main verb and
one or more helping verbs.
– Helping verbs are called this because they help
the main verb to express action or make a
statement.
– Helping verbs combine with other verbs to create
verb phrases
– The helping verbs in the following phrases are
bolded:
has played
will be coming
should have paid
What is an ADVERB?
• Adverb: a word used to modify (further
define) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
• Often (but not always) ends in –ly.
– Mike scrambled quickly from the bee hive.
– He was extremely upset.
– He had knocked down the hive quite accidentally.
A Little More on ADVERBS
• Adverbs may tell how, when, where, or to what extent
(how often or how much) the action of the verb is
done
– In other words, they tell us when, where, how, in what
manner, or to what extent an action is performed
• Some examples:
–
–
–
–
–
When: He ran yesterday.
Where: He ran here.
How: He ran quickly.
In what manner: He ran barefoot.
To what extent: He ran fastest.
What is a PREPOSITION?
• A preposition is a word used to show the
relation of a noun or pronoun to another word
in the sentence.
• Prepositions are important and should be
memorized.
– They are usually words that show direction
(above, across, around, etc.) or a
connection/relationship (along, among, except, of,
with, etc.)
Here they all are!
• Highlight the important ones that I tell you.
More on Prepositions
• A preposition always appears in a phrase,
usually at the beginning (we are going to talk
about phrases on Wed/Thurs)
• The noun or pronoun at the end of the
prepositional phrase is the object of the
preposition that begins the phrase
– Examples: before lunch, in the hall, during class,
with my friend, of my time
Examples
• Put your paper on my desk.
– “on” shows a connection between paper and desk
• Ms. Howell teaches grammar during class.
– “during” shows a connection between grammar and class
• Ms. DeSalvo talked to Ms. Houwen during
4th period.
– “to” shows a connection between Ms. DeSalvo and Ms.
Houwen; “during” shows a connection between Ms.
DeSalvo and Ms. Houwen and 4th period
PREPOSITIONS MAKE THE CONNECTIONS
What is a CONJUNCTION?
• A conjunction is a word that joins words or
groups of words.
– Ms. Howell likes grammar and homework.
• There are three kinds of conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.
– I will go over coordinating and correlative now;
subordinating will come either later this week or
early next week.
Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS (easy to memorize!)
– F: For
– A: And
– N: Nor
– B: But
– O: Or
– Y: Yet
– S: So
Correlative Conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions are ALWAYS used in
pairs (you need to use them both)
– either… or
– neither… nor
– both… and
– not only… but (also)
– whether… or
What is an INTERJECTION?
• An interjection is a word that expresses emotion
and has no grammatical relation to other words
in the sentence.
– Oh!
– Ouch!
– Ah!
• A strong interjection (Stop!) is followed by an
exclamation point.
• A mild interjections (Oh,) is followed by a comma.
– Ex. Wow! This was the most exciting slide ever!
– Ex. Um, not really
The Article
• Some say this is its own part of speech, some
claim it is a special kind of adjective
• The articles are a, an, the