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Coach Schneider Unit 4 The body system that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body Blood ◦ Carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste products to and from your body cells Plasma ◦ Liquid component of blood that carries blood cells and dissolved materials Platelet ◦ Particles that help blood clot Red Blood Cell ◦ Transports oxygen to body cells and removes CO2 from cells Hemoglobin ◦ Iron rich protein that helps transport O2 and CO2 in the blood White Blood Cell ◦ Cell that attacks, surrounds, and destroys pathogens Pathogen ◦ Germ that causes disease Blood Vessels ◦ 3 types Arteries Veins Capillaries Artery ◦ Carries oxygenated blood to the body from the heart Veins ◦ Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body Capillaries ◦ Connects arteries and veins ◦ Gas exchange happens here Coronary Artery ◦ Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle Pulmonary Artery ◦ Carries blood from heart to lungs, where it absorbs O2 and releases CO2 Four chambered muscle that continually pumps blood throughout the body Atria ◦ Two upper chambers of the heart Ventricles ◦ Two lower chambers Aorta ◦ Main artery in the body Heart Rate ◦ Number of times the heart contracts each minute Pulse ◦ Surge of blood that results from contractions of the heart Blood Pressure ◦ Force of blood against arterial walls Carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord and all other body parts Central Nervous System (CNS) ◦ Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ◦ Nerves that branch out from the CNS Brain ◦ Mass of nerve tissue that acts as the control center of the body Cerebrum ◦ Largest part of brain and controls the ability to memorize, think and learn Cerebellum ◦ Part of the brain that controls and coordinates muscle activity Ability to catch a ball Brain Stem ◦ Part of the brain that controls the functions of the internal organs Spinal Cord ◦ Column of nerve cells that extends downward from the brain Vertebrae ◦ Protects your spinal cord Neurons ◦ Cells that make up the nervous system Cell Body ◦ Main body of a neuron Axon ◦ Elongated fiber that carries impulses away from cell body to the dendrites of another neuron Dendrites ◦ Branching fibers that receive impulses and carry them to the cell body Sensory Neurons ◦ Carry impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain Motor Neurons ◦ Carry responding impulses to muscles and glands from the brain and spinal cord Reflex Action ◦ Involuntary action in which a message is sent to the spinal cord, is interpreted and is responded to immediately Body system that removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens Lymph ◦ Clear liquid that surrounds body cells and circulates in lymph vessels. Carries harmful pathogens to lymph nodes. Lymph Node ◦ Structure that filters and destroys pathogens Spleen ◦ Organ on left side of abdomen that filters foreign matter from the blood and lymph Immunity ◦ Body’s resistance to disease causing agents. White blood cells are formed in bone marrow and circulate in the blood. Thymus Gland ◦ White blood cells are changed into T-cells here T cell ◦ White blood cell that destroys pathogens B cell ◦ Another specialized cell that produces antibodies Antibody ◦ Specialized protein that helps fight infection Body system that provides body cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Epiglottis ◦ Flap that covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow. Opens when you inhale. Trachea ◦ Tube through which air moves to the bronchi and lungs Bronchi ◦ Two tubes in which air moves into lungs Lungs ◦ Main organs of respiratory system Bronchioles ◦ Small tubes that branch to form alveoli Alveoli ◦ Microscopic air sacs Cilia ◦ Hairlike structures that remove dust and other particles from the air Mucus ◦ Thick secretion that moistens the air and traps dust particles and pathogens Body system that serves as a support framework, protects vital organs, works with muscles to produce movement and produce blood cells. 206 Bones in the body Bone ◦ Structural material of the skeletal system Periosteum ◦ Thin tissue that covers bone and contains nerves and blood vessels Bone Marrow ◦ Soft tissue in the center of most bones where both red and white blood cells are formed Cartilage ◦ Soft connective tissue on the ends of some bones. It also acts as a cushion where bones meet. Ligament ◦ Tough fiber that connects bones together Joint ◦ Point where two bones meet Ball and Socket Hinge Pivot Body system consisting of muscles that provide motion and maintain posture 2 major muscle groups ◦ Voluntary Muscle a person can control Leg and arm muscles ◦ Involuntary Muscle that functions without a person’s control Stomach and internal organs 3 types of muscle tissue ◦ Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle tissue found in many internal organs ◦ Skeletal Muscle Voluntary muscle tissue that’s attached to bone ◦ Cardiac Muscle Specialized muscle found only in the heart Tendon ◦ Tough tissue fiber that attaches muscles to bones 600+ muscles in your body Body system that consists of glands that produce hormones Gland ◦ Group of cells that secretes hormones Pituitary Gland ◦ Produces hormones that control growth Thyroid Gland ◦ Produces thyroxin – controls metabolism and calcium balance in body Metabolism ◦ Rate at which food is converted into energy in the body Parathyroid Gland ◦ Glands that secrete hormones, which control amount of calcium and phosphorous in the body Pancreas ◦ Gland that produces both digestive enzymes and insulin Insulin ◦ Hormone that regulates blood sugar level Diabetes Mellitus ◦ Disease in which body produces little or no insulin Adrenal Glands ◦ Secrete hormones including adrenaline Adrenaline ◦ Prepares the body to react during times of stress, danger, or in an emergency Ovaries ◦ Two ovaries ◦ Reproductive glands produce ova and estrogen Ova ◦ Egg cells, or female reproductive cells Estrogen ◦ Hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics and affects the menstrual cycle Testes ◦ Two testes are male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone Testosterone ◦ Hormone that produces male secondary sex characteristics Body system that breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body Digestion ◦ Process by which food is changed so that it can be absorbed by the cells Mouth Salivary Glands ◦ Glands in the mouth that release saliva, which contains a chemical that begins the digestion of carbohydrates Saliva ◦ Fluid that helps soften food so that it can be easily swallowed Esophagus ◦ When you swallow food, it moves here Bolus ◦ When swallowing food it forms this ball shaped structure Peristalsis ◦ Series of involuntary muscle contractions Stomach ◦ Organ that releases acids and juices that mix with food and produce a thick paste called CHYME (kim) Small Intestine coiled tube in which greatest amount of digestion and absorption takes place ◦ 21ft long and lined with villi Villi ◦ Small folds in lining of small intestine that increase surface area and allow more food to be absorbed Enzyme ◦ Protein that regulates chemical reactions. They are produced in the lining of the small intestine. Liver ◦ Gland that secretes bile to help break down fats, maintain blood sugar level, and filter poisonous wastes. Bile ◦ Stored in gallbladder (under liver) flows into small intestine to help in the digestion of fats. Large Intestine ◦ (Colon) Tube extended from the small intestine in which undigested food is prepared for elimination. When it is full, it contracts, and solid wastes leave the body through the rectum and anus. Rectum ◦ Lower part of the large intestine that temporarily stores waste Anus ◦ Opening to the outside of the body at the end of the rectum. Body system that covers and protects the body and consists of skin, glands, associated with the skin, hair, and nails Skin ◦ Largest organ in the body ◦ Helps with removal of waste from the body ◦ Helps you sense your environment Melanin ◦ Pigment that gives the skin color 3 Layers ◦ Epidermis Outer layer of skin cells ◦ Dermis Thick layer of cells below the epidermis that contains sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, blood vessels, and nerves ◦ Subcutaneous Layer of fatty tissue located below the dermis Sweat glands ◦ Gland that aids the body in getting rid of wastes, such as salt. Sebaceous gland ◦ Small oil producing gland that helps protect the skin Sebum ◦ Oil produced by sebaceous gland Warts ◦ Contagious growth that forms on the top layer of the skin. Acne ◦ Skin disorder in which hair follicles or pores in the skin become plugged with sebum Pustule ◦ Dome-shaped lesion that contains pus consisting of white blood cells, dead skin cells and bacteria Ringworm ◦ Skin condition that causes small, red, ring-shaped marks on the skin. ◦ Caused by fungal infection and can be spread by physical contact ◦ Treated usually with ointments and creams ◦ Severe cases may require tablets Nails and Hair ◦ Nails Made up of dead cells and keratin, a tough protein ◦ Hair Dead threadlike structure consisting of dead cells filled with keratin ◦ Hair follicle Depression on the surface of the dermis that contains nutrients a hair needs to grow Body system that removes liquid wastes from the body and maintains the body’s water balance Kidneys ◦ Organ that filters the blood and excretes waste products and excess water in the form of urine Urine ◦ Pale yellow liquid composed of water, salts, and other waste Ureters ◦ Narrow tube that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder Urinary Bladder ◦ Muscular sac that stores urine Urethra ◦ Narrow tube extending from urinary bladder to the outside of the body Stage of growth and development when both the male and female body become capable of producing offspring. Estrogen ◦ Hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics and affects the menstrual cycle. Secondary Sex Characteristics ◦ Physical and emotional changes that occur during puberty Consists of organs in the female body that are involved in producing offspring External Reproductive Organs Mons Veneris ◦ Fatty tissue that covers the front of the pubic bone and serves as a protective cushion for the internal reproductive organs Labia Majora ◦ Heavy folds of skin that surround the opening of the vagina Labia Minora ◦ Two smaller folds of skin located within the labia majora Clitoris ◦ Small highly sensitive structure located above the opening of the urethra Hymen ◦ Thin membrane that stretches across the opening of the vagina Ovaries ◦ Female reproductive glands that produce ova and estrogen Ovulation ◦ Release of mature ovum from one of the two ovaries Fallopian Tube (oviduct) ◦ Tube through which an ovum moves from ovary to uterus Uterus ◦ Muscular organ that receives and supports the fertilized ovum during pregnancy and contracts during childbirth to help with delivery Cervix ◦ Lowest part of the uterus that connects to the vagina Vagina ◦ Muscular tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) ◦ Combination of physical and emotional symptoms that affect a female a week to ten days prior to menstruation. Amenorrhea ◦ Absence of menstruation Pelvic Examination ◦ Examination of the internal female reproductive organs Pap Smear ◦ Screening test in which cells are scraped from the cervix and examined to detect cervical cancer Yeast Infection ◦ Vaginal infection caused by a fungus Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) ◦ Severe illness resulting from vaginal bacteria secreting toxin that gets into bloodstream ◦ Symptoms include fever, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea, fainting, and a rash similar to a sunburn Infertility ◦ Impaired ability to become pregnant External Male Reproductive Organs Penis ◦ Male sex organ used for reproduction Scrotum ◦ Saclike pouch that hangs under the penis and holds the testes Sperm ◦ Male reproductive cells Seminiferous Tubules ◦ Network of coiled tubules in which sperm are produced Spermatogenesis ◦ Process by which sperm is produced Epididymis ◦ Comma-shaped structure along upper rear surface of the testes Vas Deferens ◦ Two long thin tubes that act as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage Seminal Vesicles ◦ Two elongated saclike glands at the base of the bladder that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes the sperm and helps them move. Ejaculatory Duct ◦ Short straight tube that passes into the prostate gland and opens into the urethra. Prostate Gland ◦ Gland that produces a fluid that helps keep sperm alive. Cowper’s Gland ◦ Located beneath the prostate gland. ◦ Secrete a clear lubricating fluid into the urethra as a part of the semen. Semen ◦ Fluid that’s released by the reproductive tract. Erection ◦ Process that occurs when the penis swells with blood and elongates. May be followed by ejaculation. Ejaculation ◦ Passage of semen from the penis and is a series of involuntary muscular contractions Circumcision ◦ Surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis Smegma ◦ Substance that forms under the foreskin, consisting of dead skin and other secretions Inguinal Hernia ◦ Some of the intestine pushes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum Digital Rectal Examination Testicular Self-Examination Conception ◦ Union of ovum and sperm Heredity ◦ Passing of characteristics from biological parents to their children Chromosome ◦ Threadlike structure that carries genes Female has 23 identical pairs of chromosomes Male one pair is not identical Gene ◦ Unit of heredity material Male – XY Female – XX Dominant Gene Recessive Gene Genetic Counseling Amniocentesis ◦ Diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted through the uterus to extract fluid that surrounds a fetus. Amniotic Sac ◦ Pouch of fluid that surrounds a fetus Ultrasound ◦ Diagnostic procedure used to monitor the fetus Embryo ◦ Developing baby through the second month of growth after conception Fetus ◦ Developing baby from ninth week after conception until birth Placenta ◦ Organ that anchors the embryo to the uterus Umbilical Cord ◦ Rope like structure that connects the embryo to the placenta 1st Trimester (First 3mths. after conception) ◦ At the end of the first month, the embryo has a heartbeat, two-lobed brain and a spinal cord ◦ By the second month the embryo is recognizable as a human and is called a fetus 2nd Trimester (4-7 months) ◦ Fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have developed. Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair may begin to grow. ◦ Movement of fetus can be felt by mother. ◦ Fetus can bend arms and make a fist. ◦ Heart can be heard by 5th month through stethoscope 3rd Trimester ◦ Premature is before 37 wks. Full term 38-40 weeks ◦ Full term babies usually 19-21 inches long. Premature Birth ◦ Birth of a baby before it is fully developed – less than 38 weeks from the time of conception. Low Birth Weight ◦ Weight at birth less than 5.5lbs Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) ◦ Presence of severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy Miscarriage ◦ Natural ending of pregnancy before baby is developed enough to survive on its own Childbirth Stage 1 – Dilation of the cervix ◦ Longest stage ◦ Varies considerably (2hrs-many hours) ◦ Cervical opening enlarges 8-10cm Stage 2 Delivery of the Baby ◦ Begins when the cervix is completely dilated and ends with the delivery of the baby ◦ Crowning Appearance of the baby’s head during delivery Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta ◦ Expulsion of the afterbirth ◦ Afterbirth Placenta that’s expelled after delivery ◦ Apgar score Rating of physical characteristics of an infant at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Another score is given at 10min. If there are problems with the baby The way a person gains and processes information Visual Learner ◦ Learns best by seeing or creating images and picture ◦ Take notes & review them often. Color code. Kinesthetic Learner ◦ Learns best by acting out something, touching an object, or repeating a motion ◦ Role-play situations in which you recall facts. Associate info from feeling or smell. Auditory Learners ◦ Learns best by listening or by discussing a topic ◦ Tape record info that you need to recall Global Learners ◦ Learns best by studying the big picture and relating to personal experiences Goal ◦ Desired achievement toward which a person works Short-term goal ◦ Something a person plans to achieve in the near future Long-term goal ◦ Something a person plans to achieve after a period of time State your goal ◦ Write it down, be specific, share it with your parents. Is the goal clear, realistic and achievable? Action Plan ◦ Detailed description of the steps a person will take to reach a goal Identify possible obstacles Set a timeline Keep chart or diary Build a support system Revise your goal, plan, or timeline if necessary ◦ Don’t give up on your goal, or lower your standards Walt Disney: Walt was fired from the Kansas City newspaper for not being creative enough and was considered “slow” as a child. He is now considered one of the best known motion picture producers in the world, and holds the record for the most awards and most nominations. George Patton: Patton was most known for leading the U.S. in World War II as an Army General. In World War I he was a senior commander of the new tank corps. He was deficient in reading throughout his whole life and had to memorize his lectures just to get by. Disorder in which a person has difficulty acquiring and processing information Dyslexia ◦ Person has difficulty spelling, reading, and writing Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) ◦ Person is restless and easily distracted Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) ◦ Person is easily distracted and also hyperactive Hyperactive – not being able to sit or stand still for long periods of time Tracking Disorder ◦ Person has trouble following or tracking an object 1. Capable of learning 2. Can learn strategies that help them acquire and process information 3. May need a tutor and/or special ed. classes 4. Need support and encouragement from classmates and family 5. Can be very successful Gerontology ◦ Study of aging Gerontologist What to know about aging ◦ Cardiovascular system Heart less efficient, blood doesn’t circulate as well ◦ Nervous system Reaction time slows, short term memory may change not intelligence ◦ Immune system Becomes less efficient ◦ Respiratory system Lungs become less elastic, hold less volume Emphysema ◦ Condition in which alveoli lose their ability to function ◦ Skeletal system Bones less dense Arthritis – painful inflammation of joints ◦ Muscular system Mass and strength decrease. Body composition changes % of fat increases ◦ Endocrine system Hormone levels change ◦ Digestive system Metabolism slows and weight increases ◦ Integumentary system Skin becomes dryer and may wrinkle ◦ Urinary system Bladder size may decrease causing frequent urination ◦ Reproductive system Hormone levels decrease (testosterone, estrogen) Dementia ◦ General decline in all areas of mental functioning. Alzheimer’s disease ◦ Progressive disease in which protein plaque and tangles form in the brain reducing nerve cell connections, nerve cells degenerate, and the brain shrinks in size. ◦ 3 stages 1 – forgetful, lose interest, anxious and depressed 2 – disconnected restless increased memory loss 3 – disoriented, confused, completely dependent on others Clinical Depression ◦ Long-lasting feelings of hopelessness, sadness, or helplessness ◦ Exercise, therapy, and prescription medications are used to treat this