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Unit 10
Urinary and Reproductive Systems
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One of the characteristics of living things is that
they have a METABOLISM. This means that they
undergo a series of CHEMICAL REACTIONS that
break down (CATABOLISM) and build up
(ANABOLISM) molecules. An unfortunate side
effect of metabolism is the creation of WASTE;
chemical compounds that are dangerous to the
body in large amounts.
Human Waste Products Include:
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Waste
Created By
Delivery System
Excretory Organs
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
Aerobic Respiration Circulatory System
Trachea and Lungs
Feces/Stool/Gas
Digestion
Digestive System
Rectum and Anus
Urine (salts, amino
acids, excess water
Digestion and
Respiration
Circulatory System
Kidneys, Ureters,
Bladder, Urethra
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Waste Created by the Human Body:
Waste
Created By
Delivery
System
Circulatory
System
Excretory
Organs
Trachea and
Lungs
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
Aerobic
Respiration
Feces/Stool/ Digestion
Gas
Digestive
System
Rectum and
Anus
Urine (salts, Digestion
amino acids, and
excess water Respiration
Circulatory
System
Kidneys,
Ureters,
Bladder,
Urethra
Urinary System Functions:
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The function of the urinary system is to:
• Create and excrete URINE
• Maintain WATER and ELECTROLYTE balance
• Regulates pH and BLOOD VOLUME
• Controls red blood cell PRODUCTION and
BLOOD PRESSURE
Adrenal Glands
Endocrine System
Kidneys
Removes Substances from blood
Forms Urine
Abdominal Aorta and
Renal Artery
Oxygenated Blood Supply
Tubular Ureters
Transports Urine from Kidneys to bladder
Inferior Vena Cava and
Renal Vein
Returns deoxygenated/cleaned
blood to heart
Bladder
Stores Urine
Urethra
Tube that transports urine outside of the body
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Urinary System Organs and Their Functions:
Organ
Function
Kidneys
Remove Substances from blood
Forms Urine
Regulates blood pressure
Tubular Ureters
Transports urine
Kidney  Bladder
Bladder
Stores Urine
Urethra
Transports Urine
Bladder  out of body
Other Important Structures
Adrenal Glands
Endocrine System
Abdominal Aorta and Renal
Artery
Supplies Kidney with oxygenated
blood
Inferior Vena Cava and Renal
Vein
Returns deoxygenated/cleaned
blood back to heart.
Directions
• Color the organs of the Urinary System in your
Notes.
• (10-15) minutes.
• Review function of the urinary system.
Write
A KIDNEY is a reddish-brown, bean-shaped organ
with a smooth surface. Kidneys are
RETROPERITNOEAL which means they are behind or
outside of the parietal peritoneum. They can be
located between the T12 and L3 vertebrae.
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Major Calyces (Calyx)
Renal Pelvis
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
12.
Renal Papilla
Renal Sinus
Renal Pyramids
Ureter
11.
Renal Column
10.
Renal Capsule
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Ureter
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Pyramids
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Pelvis
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Vein
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Columns
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Cortex
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Artery
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Major/Minor Calyces
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Medulla
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Capsule
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Sinus
Name the Structure
12.
11.
10.
Renal Papilla
• Kidneys are surrounded by a FIBROUS CAPSULE. A
cross cut section of a Kidney shows two layers. The
RENAL CORTEX the outer layer and the RENAL
MEDULLA is the inner layer. The RENAL SINUS is a
cavity that is filled by the RENAL PELVIS.
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• The Renal Pelvis branches off into MAJOR CALYCES
(singular CALYX) which further branch into MINOR
CALYCES. The Renal medulla is composed of RENAL
PYRAMIDS which are separated by RENAL COLUMNS.
Renal pyramids deposit URINE into the Renal Calyces at
a location known as the RENAL PAPILLA.
• The RENAL ARTERY Supplies the Kidney with blood that
needs to be FILTERED. The RENAL VEIN returns the
FILTERED blood back to the heart. The URETER delivers
the FILTRATE (a liquid that has passed through a filter)
down to the BLADDER. Only 20% of blood is filtered at
a time. This is called the FILTRATION FRACTION.
Directions
• Label and Color the structures of the Kidney
• You will need to color code your kidney. Fill in the
color box with the color you choose for each
structure.
• Time (15-20)
• Review your notes when you are done.
Renal Corpuscle:
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal (Convoluted Tubule)
Distal Convoluted Tubule)
Renal Tubule
Loop of Henle
• A NEPHRON is considered the structural
and functional UNIT of the Kidney.
There are about 1 MILLION nephrons in
each kidney.
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• Structure:
• Nephrons can be broken down into two parts: The Renal
Corpuscle and the Renal Tubule.
• The RENAL CORPUSCLE is composed of the DISTAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULE, the BOWMAN’S or GLOMULAR
CAPSULE and the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE.
Inside of the Glomerular Capsule is a tangled cluster of
blood capillaries called a GLOMERULUS.
• The RENAL TUBULE is composed of the DESCENDING LIMB
and the ASCENDING LIMB. These two limbs are known as
the NEPHRON LOOP or the LOOP OF HENLE.
• All Nephrons have their RENAL CORPUSCLE within the
RENAL CORTEX of the Kidney, while the RENAL TUBULE is
located in the RENAL MEDULLA
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• Function:
• The primary function of the Nephron is to FILTER
waste from arterial blood using PASSIVE and
ACTIVE TRANSPORT. Nephrons determine how
much WATER, SODIUM and other WASTE will be
taken out of the blood. This allows them to
BALANCE water and electrolyte levels as well as
regulate the VOLUME of the blood that is returned
to the heart. This control of Blood Volume allows
Kidneys to determine the BLOOD PRESSURE of an
organism.
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• Urine formation is formed through THREE process:
Glomular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular
Secretion
• The FIRST process of Urine formation is GLOMULAR
FILTRATION. Inside your blood is a solution called
PLASMA.
• PLASMA contains: ELECTROLYTES, such as SALT
(NaCl), SODIUM and POTASSIUM Ions, WATER,
GLUCOSE, UREA, URIC ACID. Not all of these things
should be excreted as waste.
• The SECOND process of Urine Formation is TUBULAR
REABSORPTION. As the Plasma travels through the
NEPHRON, certain amounts of substances such as
WATER, GLUCOSE and ELECTROLYTES are reabsorbed
back into the blood and intercellular fluid.
• The THIRD process of Urine formation is TUBULAR
SECRETION. This is where extra waste products such
as HYDROGEN ions and TOXINS are removed.
• The final product of these three processes is URINE.
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• After being processed by the NEPHRON, Urine flows
through the COLLECTING DUCT, into the MINOR and
MAJOR CALYCES and out of the Kidney via the
URETERS. The Ureters deposit the Urine in the
BLADDER which will store the urine until it is
eliminated through a tube called the URETHRA.
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UVlXX-9x7Q
• Watch the following video on the function of the
nephron
• Urine is a solution that is about 95% WATER. The
other 5% contains UREA, URIC ACID and trace
amounts of AMINO ACIDS and ELECTROLYTES. Urea
is a by-product of AMINO ACID CATABOLISM
whereas Uric acid is a by-product of NUCLEIC ACIDS.
Increasing the amount of protein in your diet will
increase the amount of UREA in your urine.
• The VOLUME of urine produced can vary depending
on your DIET, ENVIRONMENT and FLUID INTAKE.
Daily production is between 0.6 – 2.5 Liters. Normal
urine output per hour is 50-60mL. An output of less
than 30mL per hour may indicate KIDNEY FAILURE.
• Urine can be used as a diagnostic tool by health
professionals. Macroscopic analysis includes looking
at the COLOR, CLARITY and CLOUDINESS of the Urine.
Microscopic analysis can measure GLUCOSE,
KETONES, BLOOD, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, NITRITES,
and BILIRUBIN. Traces of DRUGS can also be found in
urine.