Download HIV AIDS STUDY GUIDE Answers

HIV/AIDS STUDY GUIDE
Spring 2016 Nursing 1229
1. What are the modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS? ( Instructor)
Body fluids containing HIV or infected CD4 lymphocytes
Blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk
Most prenatal infections occur during delivery
Casual contact does not cause transmission
Breaks in skin and mucosa increase risk
2. High risk behaviors associated with contacting HIV/AIDS. (Instructor)
Sharing infected injection equipment
Having sexual relations with infected individuals
Infected mother passing HIV to her baby
3. What are the stages of HIV/AIDS disease? (Instructor)
Primary Infection (Stage 1): period from infection with HIV to the development of anti-bodies.
Person may test negative however they are highly contagious and the virus is rapidly replicating
throughout their bodies, making their viral loads high. They may have clinical symptoms that
mimic a viral illness (flu: fever, flu, rash) which last 1 – 2 weeks. CD4 t+ lymphocytes are being
destroyed. Primary infection: Category A CD4+T cell count >500
S/S: non-flu like, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, skin rash, myalgias /arthralgias
HIV asymptomatic (Stage 1): Category A CD4+T cell count > 500
S/S: few if any, may be in this stage for 8-10 years
HIV symptomatic (Stage 2): Category B CD4+T cell count 200-499
S/S: oral candidiasis (most common), diarrhea exceeding 1 mo., herpes zoster, PID,
peripheral neuropathy
AIDS (Stage 3) Category C CD4+T cell count <200
S/S: GI candidiasis, cancers, CMV, MAC
4. Identify and discuss the 3 aspects of Caring for HIV/AIDS
The 3 aspects of care are:
A.
Prevention (priority 1):
Standard precautions: see Chart 52-4
Practice safer sex practices and safer behaviors
Abstain from sharing sexual fluids
Reduce the number of sexual partners to one
Always use latex condoms; if allergic to latex, use non latex condoms
See Chart 52-2
Do not share drug injection equipment
Blood screening and treatment of blood
B.
Early detection
Critical to the treatment of and survival rate of those infected with the disease
C.
Ongoing treatment
Patients with HIV/AIDS must adhere to the treatment prescribed by their doctor
and if followed it may increase their life expectancy by years
5. What diagnostic tests are used to diagnose and track the immune system of persons
with HIV?
Diagnostic test
EIA: identifies antibodies
Western blot: used to confirm positive EIA
Ora-Sure: uses saliva to detect HIV-1
Ora-Quick: uses less than a drop of blood to detect HIV-1
Tracking immune system
Viral load test: tracks response to treatment for HIV (how the patient’s body is
responding to meds)
6. Class of drugs used to treat HIV infection?
HARRT”s (action of each HAART; see pictures)
a. NRTI’s (block DNA activity) : didanosine (Videx), zalcitabine (Hivid), zidovudine
(AZT)
b. NNRTI’s(terminates viral replication): efavirenz (Sustiva)
c. FI’s: (target cells during attachement of HIV to destroy them) enfuvirtide
(Fuzeon)
d. Use of combination therapy (more than one drug)
7. Clinical manifestations seen in a client with HIV/AIDS for each of the following body
systems: (see text)
e. Respiratory
f. Gastrointestinal
g. Oncologic
h. Neurologic
i. Depressive
j. Integumentary
k. Endocrine
l. Gynecologic
8. Medical management (medication therapy) of the following opportunistic infections
(see text)
m. Pneumocystis pneumonia:
n. Mycobacterium avium complex
o. Cryptococcal meningitis
p. Cytomeglavirus retinitis
q. Other infections
9. Medical management (medication therapy) is used for the following
r. Prevention/treatment of the following opportunistic infections
i. PCP
ii. MAC
iii. Meningitis
iv. CMV
s. Antidiarrheal therapy
t. Chemotherapy
u. Antidepressant therapy
v. Nutrition therapy
Management focuses upon the treatment of specific manifestations and conditions
related to the disease
Hepatotoxicity associated with certain protease inhibitors may limit the use of these
agents, especially in patients with underlying liver dysfunction
10. Areas of assessment that would be important for the nurse caring for a client
diagnosed with HIV/AIDS
Skin Integrity
Conduct frequent routine assessment of skin and mucosa
Encourage patient to maintain balance between rest and activity
Reposition at least every two hours and as needed
Use pressure reduction devices
Instruct patient to avoid scratching
Use gentle, nondrying soaps or cleansers
Avoid adhesive tape
Provide perianal skin care
Promoting Usual Bowel Pattern
Assess bowel pattern and factors that may exacerbate diarrhea
Avoid foods that act as bowel irritants, such as raw fruits and vegetables, carbonated
beverages, spicy foods, and foods of extreme temperatures
Small, frequent meals
Administer medications as prescribed
Assess and promote self-care strategies to control diarrhea
Activity Intolerance
Maintain balance between activity and rest
Instruction regarding energy conservation techniques
Relaxation measures
Collaboration with other members of the health care team
Maintaining Thought Processes
Assess mental and neurologic status
Use clear, simple language if mental status is altered
Establish and maintain a daily routine
Use orientation techniques
Ensure patient safety and protect from injury
Implement strategies to maintain and improve functional ability
Instruct and involve family in communication and care
Nutrition
Provide dietary consultation
Monitor weight, I&O, dietary intake, and factors that interfere with nutrition
Control nausea with anti-emetics
Provide oral hygiene
Treat oral discomfort
Administer dietary supplements
May require enteral feedings or parenteral nutrition
Decreasing Isolation
Promote an atmosphere of acceptance and understanding
Assess social interactions and monitor behaviors
Allow patient to express feelings
Address psychosocial issues
Provide information related to the spread of infection
Educate ancillary personnel, family, and partners
Other Interventions
Improve Airway Clearance
Use semi-Fowler's or high-Fowler’s position
Pulmonary therapy; coughing and deep breathing; postural drainage; percussion; and
vibration
Ensure adequate rest
Pain
Administer medications as prescribed
Provide skin and perianal care