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N O T E B O O K #3
The Reformation
AP European History
Mr. Konecke
Name:_______________________________
Period:______
1
Project #3 – A Picture Speaks a Thousand Words
Introduction:
In Martin Luther's time, 95% of all the people were illiterate, meaning that they were
unable to read. It was his images that set the fire and allowed those able to interpret his
images to join him in the Reformation. In today's society you are constantly being
bombarded by images designed to influence and often change your behavior. Now you
will be the one doing the influencing.
Directions:
1. You must select any controversial
contemporary issue (abortion, death penalty,
gay marriage, prayer in public school, school
uniforms, affirmative action, terrorism,
immigration, commercialism, gun control,
racism, human rights violations, health care
reform, evolution, or anything else you like).
Just make sure you run your topic by me first.
Then you will create an advertising campaign
to convince your classmates (and the public in
general) to agree with your side of the debate.
The catch is – you can only use pictures to
relay your message – no words. The only
words you will use is to briefly explain your
message (on back of project or separate sheet)
Options:
1. You may create your campaign in any way
that you like (poster, billboard, pamphlet,
video, tombstone, play, skit, etc. – be creative)
2. You may work with a group – but if you do,
you will all be graded for one project – keep
that in mind
3. You may draw the pictures yourself or cut and paste them – keep in mind: drawing
shows much more effort than cutting and pasting (unless you can come up with a creative,
unique idea)
Grade:
1. Your issue must be clearly illustrated in your campaign – 40 points
2. You must include a brief explanation of your message in writing – 10 points
3. Your campaign must be detailed and complete – 50 points
4. Your campaign must demonstrate significant effort on your part – 50 points
5. Your campaign must be convincing – 50 points
Due Date:
______________________________________
NOTEBOOK #3: THE REFORMATION
1. Society and Religion
The Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation occurred at a time of conflict between nation-states & towns used to governing
themselves
o
2
o
Townspeople did not like traditional rights & freedoms being taken away
o
The religious revolt to come inspired these people

Social & Political Conflict

o
There were about 65 cities involved

Some quickly became Protestant & stayed that way



Others were mixed (both Catholics & Protestants)
There were also deep social & political divisions going on at this time
o
Certain groups were more in favor of Reformation than others



Ex: printers’ guild – members were literate & part of a growing industry

They also grew wealthy making Protestant propaganda
Guilds with history of defying authority (even if members were not educated) also
supported Protestants


When Martin Luther & his followers preached, they attacked authoritarian politics as well as papal laws
o
By appealing to subjects of both papal & political domination, Luther broadened his appeal
Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church

Protestant Reformation also could not have happened without challenges to the church during its time in
Avignon, the Great Schism, the Conciliar period, & Renaissance popes
o
For many people, church was not providing example of religious piety
o

Diet of Worms (1521) –
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o

Locally, individual priests & laity started reforming local religious practices
Number of things contributed to lay criticism of church:
o

They traveled widely

New postal systems & printing press increased information they could find



Lay people gained greater control over cultural life of communities
Lay religious movements have always wanted religious simplicity in the imitation of Jesus
o
Simple religion of love & self-sacrifice seemed ideal to many
o
Gave both members & head of church a voice
o
Gave members a more spiritual church –

The Modern Devotion

Constructive lay religious movement before Reformation was Brothers of the Common Life
(“Modern Devotion”)
o
It was a sort-of boarding school for reform-minded laity
o

Headquartered in Netherlands, brothers spread through northern Europe (& parts of southern
Europe)
o
In the houses, clerics & laity shared a common life – individual piety & practical
religion
o

Brothers were also educators
o
Worked as copyists, sponsored religious & classical publications, ran hospices for poor
students, & conducted schools for children

As children, Johannes Reuchlin & Erasmus both looked after by brothers
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o

Thomas a Kempis summarized philosophy of brothers in most popular religious book of
time –
The Modern Devotion was source of humanist, Protestant, & Catholic reform movements in 1500s
o
Their practices met the need for more personal piety & informed religious life
o

Brothers made sure they got it
Directions: Below are two quotes from Martin Luther. One is in Latin while the other is in the vernacular – English. I will read both to
you. Then we will discuss the obvious importance and impact that preaching in the vernacular could have. Worth 10 points.
ENGLISH
Every man must do two things alone; he must do his
own believing and his own dying.
Omnis homo debet duoLATIN
facere: tantum debet credere
et suam propriam mortem.
1. Look at the Latin translation – can you decipher any meaning from that sentence? Explain.
2. Summarize the English translation in your own words.
3. What could someone who spoke both Latin and the vernacular do for illiterate people or people who only
spoke/read in the vernacular?
4. If someone who did not speak Latin sat through an entire mass said in Latin, what could they get out of it? What
about the mass could evoke feelings and emotions in them?
5. Some religious groups speak in tongues – they are so moved by “spirit” that they began speaking a made-up
language. Can anyone understand what they are saying? Can we still be moved by what they are saying? Explain.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbQBajYnEc
Lay Control Over Religious Life

Before Reformation, Rome’s international network of church offices was falling apart
o
Benefice system of medieval church allowed ecclesiastical posts to be sold to highest
bidders
5


Such a system threatened lay spiritual life

Non-resident holders of benefices often hired substitutes from Rome

They took the revenues of church, often did not perform their clerical
duties, & did not get involved in or care about local spiritual needs

o
Communities protested against abuses of medieval church before Luther published his
summary of economic grievances – Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
Nation

o
Indulgences allowed people to even buy release from time in purgatory for themselves
(& loved ones)

Local rulers had no problem with this –

But when indulgences raised money for foreign interests (like money for new
Saint Peter’s basilica in Rome), local rulers objected

o

Reformation allowed laity to take over monasteries & take church property
Laity also had to find new ways to relieve their anxiety about afterlife
o

City governments tried to improve religious life with preacherships
o
Hired well-trained pastors to perform religious duties beyond just the Mass


These positions became platforms for Protestants
In Middle Ages, laws made special rights for clerics
o
o
Clergy did not have to perform “dirty jobs” like military service, labor, watch at city
gates
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o

Also not thought proper for clergy to be judged by their people –
Before Reformation, these privileges were being challenged
2. Martin Luther and the German Reformation
Martin Luther

As popular resentment of the privileges & abuses of clergy spread throughout German cities, an
unorganized opposition to Rome formed
o

Luther was son of successful miner

Educated by the Brothers of the Common Life

Received his Master of Arts degree 1505, Luther registered with the law faculty (parents wanted him to)
o
But he never started studying law
o
Supposedly, while traveling during a storm, young Luther promised he would join a monastery if
he survived

o

1510, went to Rome on business for his order, and saw all the abuses he had heard about back in Germany

1511, he moved to Wittenberg & earned his doctorate in theology
o
Justification by Faith Alone

Luther hated idea of his sinfulness contrasted with perfect righteousness of God needed for salvation
o
o
Therefore, salvation was unattainable

Luther felt that the righteousness God wanted did not come from charitable acts or religious ceremony

o Instead, it was given to all who believe in Jesus Christ –
Medieval church taught that salvation came from combination of God’s mercy & human good deeds
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o
o
To Luther, it was unbiblical to treat good deeds as contributing to your salvation

o

He also believed that the church’s focus on demanding good deeds caused people to perform
these works only to achieve salvation
Luther taught people to perform good works, but not simply to gain salvation
o

o
In other words, perform good deeds selflessly instead of deeds designed to save yourself
God expects you to do good works –
The Attack on Indulgences

Indulgence –
o
After priest absolved you of your sins, you were still under eternal penalty – from God
o
Priests changed this eternal penalty into a temporal penalty – something that could be done here
and now

o
EX:
If you did not perform these acts, you suffered in purgatory (before going to heaven)
First Indulgences

Indulgences were first given to Crusaders who could not perform their penance because they died
in battle

o
o
1343, Pope Clement VI said there was a “treasury of merit”

Infinite reservoir of good works the church could give out at pope’s orders

So the church sold “letters of indulgence” –
1476, Pope Sixtus IV extended indulgences to sins of all Christians in purgatory
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Indulgences in Luther’s Time

By Luther’s time, indulgences regularly sold for small cash payments
o
o

1517, Pope Leo X revived an indulgence –
o

Preachers told people they were stopping their own future punishments but also those of
dead loved ones
It promised forgiveness of all unrepented sins upon completion of certain acts
Future Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz heard about this indulgence
o
He needed money because he had incurred debts trying to gain a papal dispensation to
hold three church offices at once


Preacher John Tetzel hired to tell all about the indulgence in Albrecht’s territories
o
When Luther posted his 95 Theses against indulgences on door of Castle Church in
Wittenberg, he specifically attacked Tetzel for making people think that unrepentant
sinners could be released from punishment
Directions: Below are some excerpts from Luther’s 95 Theses. We will go over each one individually and then answer the questions
that follow together. Worth 16 points.
33. Men must be on their guard against those who say that the pope's pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is
reconciled to Him;
36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.
43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;
47. Christians are to be taught that the buying of pardons is a matter of free will, and not of commandment.
62. The true treasure of the Church is the Most Holy Gospel of the glory and the grace of God.
66. The treasures of the indulgences are nets with which they now fish for the riches of men.
67. The indulgences which the preachers cry as the "greatest graces" are known to be truly such, in so far as they promote gain.
75. To think the papal pardons so great that they could absolve a man even if he had committed an impossible sin and violated the
Mother of God -- this is madness.
76. We say, on the contrary, that the papal pardons are not able to remove the very least of venial sins, so far as its guilt is concerned.
1. What does Luther say is the true treasure of the church?
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2. What does Luther say about buying pardons (indulgences)?
3. Judging from all of these, what is Luther’s opinion on the position of the pope?
4. Rather than buying pardons, people should spend their money on what?
5. Does Luther believe a Christian has to have a pardon to be forgiven? What DOES a Christian need?
6. What can papal pardons do (or not do) according to Martin Luther?
7. After reading all of these do you feel whether the pope had just cause to excommunicate Luther form the church?
8. What does Luther’s motivation seem to be after reading excerpts from his controversial text?
Election of Charles V

o
This made Luther a central figure in national German cultural movement against foreign
influence

October 1517, he was summoned before leader of Dominican order to answer for his criticism of church

At same time, Emperor Maximilian I died
o

Pope supported French king – Francis I

o
Charles won because he bought votes

He even bought vote of Luther’s lord & protector – Frederick the Wise
10

Frederick was proud of his university in Wittenberg –
Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms

1519, Luther debated John Eck
o
o

He further burned his bridges when he defended teachings of John Huss – who was condemned to
death for heresy
1520, Luther wrote 3 pamphlets
o
Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation – urged German princes to force reforms
on church
o
Babylonian Captivity of the Church –

Argued only 2 – Baptism & Eucharist – were biblical

Also said scripture, church councils, & princes were more important than pope
o
Freedom of a Christian – summarized new teaching of salvation by faith alone
o
Luther was officially excommunicated 1521



April, Luther presented his case before Diet of Worms
o
Charles V ordered Luther to recant
o
Luther refused –
Friends disguised & hid him in Wartburg Castle (Frederick the Wise)
o
Spent year here – translated New Testament into German & oversaw first steps of Reformation
Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks

Reformation was helped by emperor’s war with France & advance of Ottoman Turks into eastern Europe
o

To fight them, Charles V needed loyal German soldiers
1521-1559, Spain & France fought 4 major wars over territory
o
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
German princes now had territorial sovereignty in religious matters

How the Reformation Spread

1520s & 1530s, Reformation passed from theologians & pamphleteers to magistrates & princes
o

Instead of slogans, reform took form of laws all people had to obey
The Peasants’ Revolt

In beginning, Reformation hurt more by internal division than imperial interference


o
At first, German peasants thought Luther was an ally
o
For years, peasants did not like lords overriding their traditional laws & customs
o
Peasant leaders liked Luther’s teachings about freedom & his criticism of monastic landowners

Luther, at first, sympathized with peasants

Lutherans, however, were not social revolutionaries –
When peasants revolted against landlords 1524-1525 (using Luther’s name), Luther condemned them as
“un-Christian” and urged princes to crush revolt
o
3. The Reformation Elsewhere
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

Switzerland was loose confederation of 13 states
o

Two preconditions for Swiss Reformation:
o
Growth of nationalism caused by opposition to foreign mercenary service
o
The Reformation in Zurich

Ulrich Zwingli –
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
o
Was critic of mercenary service
o
Also critic of sale of indulgences & to religious superstition
1519, he competed for position of people’s priest in main church of Zurich
o
Got in trouble when he admitted to fornicating with a barber’s daughter (had a child)

o
As such, one of Zwingli’s first acts was to petition for end to clerical celibacy & for right
of clergy to marry
o
1522, he started act of breaking the fast during Lent (like burning flag today)
o
Zwingli’s motto was simple –


This called into question fasting, transubstantiation, saints, pilgrimages,
purgatory, clerical celibacy, & several sacraments

o
It imposed harsh discipline, making city one of first examples of puritanical Protestantism
Directions: Ulrich Zwingli believed in taking every word of the Bible literally. Many religious groups do so today.
Many others do not – they believe many things in the Bible should be read metaphorically. We will read a passage
from the Old Testament below and analyze it literally and metaphorically. Worth 18 points.
(Revelation 1:14-16)
“His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire; And his feet like
unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. And he had in his right
hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in
his strength.”
1. Summarize the passage above literally.
2. Summarize the passage above metaphorically.
3. What dangers or problems can come from misinterpreting something? Give an example.
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4. In A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift wrote: ”I have been assured by a very knowing American of my
acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and
wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled ...” If taken literally, what is Swift saying?
5. If taken metaphorically (as it is meant to be), what is Swift really trying to say?
6. Some other examples of phrases not meant to be taken literally are “kicked the bucket” or “in a bit of a pickle.”
Let’s come up with a list of some others.
The Marburg Colloquy

Philip of Hesse tried to unite Swiss & German Protestants
o

But Luther’s & Zwingli’s differences – especially over the nature of Christ’s presence in
Eucharist – prevented him from doing so

Zwingli –

Luther –
Philip of Hesse brought the 2 together in his castle in Marburg 1529
o
Luther left thinking Zwingli was dangerous fanatic
o
Swiss Civil Wars

As Swiss cities divided between Catholics & Protestants, civil wars erupted
o
Two major battles ensued
14


Catholic cities forced to break foreign alliances & recognize rights of Swiss
Protestants

After 2nd battle, Zwingli wounded in battle –

He was hacked into pieces & his remains scattered so his supporters
had nothing to inspire them

o
Heinrich Bullinger – Zwingli’s son in law – became new leader of Swiss Reformation
o
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants

Lutheran & Zwinglian reformations too slow & unethical for many, especially fundamentalist Protestants
o

Most important of these radicals were the Anabaptists –
o
Anabaptists rejected infant baptism –


Only thoughtful, consenting adult who could understand Scripture could be baptized
Luther & Zwingli both supported infant baptism –
o
They believed the congregation stood in place for the baby & agreed to raise it in the Protestant
faith
Conrad Grebel and the Swiss Brethren

Conrad Grebel, who started Anabaptism, performed 1st adult rebaptism in Zurich 1525
o
Grebel took Bible literally (even more than Zwingli)



1523, Grebel’s group – Swiss Brethren – supported city’s plan to gradually remove traditional
religious practices
o
Anabaptists also supported adult baptism, pacifism, refusal to swear oaths, & non-participation in
government
15
o

Because religious & civic life were closely bonded in 1500s, authorities viewed
this separation as threat to social bonds – a form of sedition
The Anabaptist Reign in Münster

At first, Anabaptists came from all social classes
o
But as Lutherans, Zwinglians, & Catholics persecuted them in cities, more rural people
made up majority of Anabaptists
o
1000-5000 executed for rebaptizing themselves from 1525-1618


Anabaptist extremists came to power in Münster 1534
o

After they left, city blockaded by armies

Münster became old-fashioned theocracy

Even practiced polygamy (because of so many recently widowed/abandoned
women)


o
Protestant & Catholic armies united to crush the radicals
o
They hung the bodies of the Münster leaders & left their skeletons hanging there as
warning
Now, moderate pacifistic Anabaptism became the norm
o
Menno Simons –
Spiritualists

Spiritualists were another individualistic group of Protestant dissenters
o
They hated institutional religion
o
Antitrinitarians

Antitrinitarians were another group of radical Protestants
16
o
o
Opposed Calivinists, especially their belief in original sin & predestination
o
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation

o
It inspired massive resistance in France, Netherlands, Scotland
o
Believed in divine predestination –
o
Also believed it was each individual’s responsibility to reshape society according to God’s plan


Wanted to change society so people could practice what they preach
Religion was started by John Calvin –
o
He received church benefices, paying for his education at Parisian universities & a law degree
o
1534, Calvin converted to Protestantism
o
His ideology was simple:

God’s will reigned supreme over all of creation

o
1534, he surrendered the benefices given to him & joined Reformation in Geneva
Directions: Below is a chart comparing Luther & Calvin. Examine the chart carefully and answer the questions that
follow by writing “Calvin” or “Luther” in the chart. Worth 16 points.
Area
Emphasis
Luther
Calvin
Bible function
finding forgiveness
Shows Jesus; Bible is "cradle for
Christ"
Interpretation
limit to verses alone
finding laws for Christian living
shows God in control: stresses
"sovereignty of God."
logical conclusions beyond the
verses
17
Giving the bread in communion, Since Jesus is in heaven, therefore
Jesus says "this is my body." The
Jesus must not be in the bread.
Example 1: communion
word "is" should be accepted.
Jesus is with you spiritually.
Though the Bible comforts
Since the Bible says God
believers by saying God
predestined some to heaven,
Example 2: predestination predestined them, no verse says
therefore God must have
that God predestined anyone to
predestined the others to hell.
hell.
Keep traditions that are not
Discard any tradition that is not in
Traditions
against the Bible
the Bible
Fostered singing hymns
at first only allowed singing Psalms
Example 1: singing
Example 2: Sunday church Allowed traditional European Discarded traditional structure,
structure (adapting Catholic mass)
created a simpler service
service
Calvin or
Luther?
Beliefs and Practices
Believed Bible is used to demonstrate the power of God
Allowed traditions that were not against the Bible
Created a simpler mass without the flash of Catholic mass
Threw out any traditions that were not in the Bible
Interprets the Bible more literally
Believed communion was the actual body of Jesus Christ
Believed God had predestined people to either heaven or hell
Allowed singing of hymns at mass
Political Revolt and Religious Reform in Geneva

In Geneva, revolution against local prince-bishop led way to religious change
o
After revolt in 1521, city council took power 1527
o
1533, Protestant city of Bern sent 2 reformers to Geneva
o
They successfully started religious reforms –
o
1536, Geneva officially voted to join Reformation
o
One of the leaders of Geneva convinced Calvin to stay – threatened him with divine
vengeance
o
Also created catechism for how to guide & discipline the people



City council refused to accept these guidelines & forced Calvin out of city
18

Calvin then went to Strasbourg (Protestant city)
o
Here he became pastor to French exiles
o
Also wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion –
Calvin’s Geneva

1540, Geneva elected officials who supported Calvin
o

Predestination was main point of Calvin’s theology
o
o
Calvin claimed that only mature, true Christians would understand predestination

It showed that world, and everyone in it, were in God’s hands for all time

No matter what happens, people can take comfort in the fact that loving, everlasting God is watching over them

o
If you have faith in God, you must lead a “good” life
o
To ensure strict moral discipline, Calvin used Geneva’s court – the consistory
o
EX: He helped capture & execute Spanish doctor & theologian, Michael Servetus


Servetus died at stake in Geneva for denying doctrine of Trinity

o
Geneva also became “woman’s paradise”

4. Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
The Diet of Augsburg

Charles V devoted first 10 years of empire to politics & military campaigns outside the empire
o
1530, he returned to empire for the Diet of Augsburg –
19

o
Catholic Emperor ended diet by ordering all Lutherans to become Catholic again
o
Lutherans responded with their own defensive alliance – Schmalkaldic League

They took as their banner the Augsburg Confession –

1538, Luther wrote up a stronger confession – Schmalkaldic Articles
League & emperor reached stalemate until emperor again became distracted by war with France & Turks
The Expansion of the Reformation

1530s, Lutherans in Germany formed regional consistories –
o
Also made educational reform – compulsory primary education, schools for girls, humanist
changes to curriculum, &instruction in new religion
o
King Christian II introduced it to Denmark


o
Under Christian III, Lutheranism became official state religion
King Gustavus Vasa embraced Lutheranism in Sweden

o
In Poland, Lutherans, Anabaptists, & Calvinists all practiced freely

Because there was no stable government, Poland was a model for religious toleration in
late 1500s
Reaction Against Protestants

o
So in 1547, Charles ordered his armies to crush the Protestant Schmalkaldic League & capture
rulers of Saxony & Hesse

Put his own rulers into these areas
o
Established law –
o
To smooth things over, Charles did give Protestants some concessions

Clerical marriage & communion in both bread and wine
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
Result =
o
In Germany, city of Magdeburg became refuge for persecuted Protestants
The Peace of Augsburg

Reformation was too far along to be ended by force
o
Maurice of Saxony - the puppet ruler of Saxony (chosen by Charles) – realized this & joined
Lutherans
o
1552, he reinstated Protestant rulers & guaranteed Lutherans religious freedom in Peace of
Passau



1555, Peace of Augsburg made division in Christianity permanent
o
It stated –

Lutherans were allowed to keep all church land they stole before 1552

If people did not like the religion of their area, they were free to leave

o
Anabaptists didn’t care – they had already separated themselves from rest of society
o
But Calvinists were not separatists

They wanted to be free to worship publicly as they chose

Directions: Below are excerpts from the Peace of Augsburg (1555). Read each carefully and answer the questions
that follow each. Worth 18 points.
15. In order to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation between the Roman Imperial Majesty
and the Electors, Princes and Estates, let neither his Imperial Majesty nor the Electors, Princes, etc., do any violence
or harm to any estate of the empire on the account of the Augsburg Confession, but let them enjoy their religious
belief, liturgy and ceremonies as well as their estates and other rights and privileges in peace; and complete
religious peace shall be obtained only by Christian means of amity, or under threat of punishment of the Imperial
ban.
1. In order to bring peace, what does the document suggest leaders should allow people to enjoy?
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16. Likewise the Estates espousing the Augsburg Confession shall let all the Estates and Princes who cling to the old
religion live in absolute peace and in the enjoyment of all their estates, rights, and privileges.
2. Who, according to this section, should be allowed to live in absolute peace?
17. However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions shall not be included in the present peace
but be totally excluded from it.
3. Who is excluded from this peace agreement?
18. And since it has proved to be a matter of great dispute what was to happen with the bishoprics, priories and other
ecclesiastical benefices of such Catholic priests who would in course of time abandon the old religion, we have in
virtue of the powers of Roman Emperors ordained as follows: where an archbishop, bishop or prelate or any other
priest of our old religion shall abandon the same, his archbishopric, bishopric, prelacy and other benefices together
with all their income and revenues which he has so far possessed, shall be abandoned by him without any further
objection or delay. The chapter and such are entitled to it by common law or the custom of the place shall elect a
person espousing the old religion who may enter on the possession and enjoyment of all the rights and incomes of
the place without any further hindrance and without prejudging any ultimate amicable transaction of religion.
4. What will happen to a priest if he abandons the Catholic Church?
23. No Estate shall try to persuade the subjects of other Estates to abandon their religion nor protect them against
their own magistrates. Such as had from olden times the rights of patronage are not included in the present article.
5. What are individuals from one group not allowed to do to individuals from another group?
24. In case our subjects whether belonging to the old religion or the Augsburg confession should intend leaving
their homes with their wives and children in order to settle in another, they shall be hindered neither in the sale of
their estates after due payment of the local taxes nor injured in their honour.
6. What can members of either religion do if they plan on leaving their homes to their wives and children?
5. The English Reformation
The Preconditions of Reform

1520s, future English reformers met in Cambridge to discuss Lutheran writings smuggled into the country
o
William Tyndale – translated New Testament into English
o

King himself defended the 7 sacraments against Luther
o
22
The King’s Affair

Henry’s unhappy marriage to Catherine of Aragon (& his obsession with getting a male heir) brought on
religious reforms
o
1509, Henry married Catherine (daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain & aunt of Emperor
Charles V)
o


Henry came to believe God had cursed his marriage to Catherine (who had many miscarriages &
stillbirths)
o
Reason:


When Arthur died, Henry’s father – Henry VII – had her marry Henry to keep alliance
going with Spain



So Henry needed a special dispensation from Pope Julius II
By 1527, Henry was also involved with one of Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting –
o
Henry now became determined to marry Anne
o

At the time, Pope Clement VII was a prisoner of Charles V (imperial soldiers had attacked Rome)
o

Cardinal Wolsey –
o

Charles was Catherine’s nephew – would not let pope annul marriage
Wolsey could not find a way to obtain the annulment – so Henry fired him
Thomas Cranmer & Thomas Cromwell (both Protestant sympathizers) became king’s closest advisers
o
They had a great idea =
o
Then he could settle the affair himself
23
The “Reformation Parliament”

1529, Parliament started a seven-year session –
o
It passed laws that harassed & gave royal control over the clergy

This set precedent in England – whenever big changes made in religion, monarch must
work with Parliament

1531, the Convocation –

Same year, Parliament passed the Submission of the Clergy –

January 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn (pregnant)

February, Parliament made king the highest court of appeal for all Englishmen

March, Cranmer became archbishop of Canterbury & led Convocation to invalidate Henry’s marriage to
Catherine

1534, Parliament ended all payments made by English clergy to Rome & gave Henry control over all high
religious appointments

Act of Succession –

Act of Supremacy –
o

When Thomas More refused to accept these acts, Henry had them executed
End of 1530s, Parliament also closed England’s monasteries & nunneries
Wives of Henry VIII

Henry’s home life was far more chaotic than political life
o


Her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate by Henry (just like her half-sister,
Mary)
Henry had 4 more wives
o
Third wife – Jane Seymour –
o
Fourth wife – Anne of Cleves (on advice from Cromwell) to create alliance with Protestant princes
of Germany
24

Parliament eventually annulled marriage & Cromwell was fired & executed
o
Fifth wife –
o
Sixth wife – Catherine Parr – had already been married twice

Directions: Below is a summary of the 6 wives of Henry VIII. Read each one and then complete the crossword puzzle
about them. Worth 24 points.
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Wife Number One.Catherine of Aragon
Catherine was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella of Spain. She was married to Henry’s
brother Arthur but he died in 1501. Catherine
married Henry in 1509 but only one child, a girl,
Mary, survived. 1511, she gave birth to a son – Henry
– who died shortly after. Henry believed that he did
not have a male heir because he had married his
brother’s wife. He had found a passage in the Bible
to back his belief. Henry had also fallen in love with
Anne Boleyn. Catherine refused to give Henry a
divorce, so he began the Reformation in England.
This meant he could divorce Catherine in 1533. She
died three years later.
Wife Number Two…Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn was born in 1501. At the age of
fourteen she was sent to the French Court. When she
returned to England she caught the King’s attention.
Anne refused to be the king’s mistress so Henry
married Anne in 1533 after she became pregnant.
Henry was annoyed when she gave birth to
Elizabeth in September 1533. Anne became
pregnant twice more but the babies were born dead.
She was charged and found guilty of adultery in
1536 and beheaded the same year.
25
Wife Number Three..Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour was a quiet shy girl who Henry
married just 11 days after the death of Anne Boleyn.
He was 45 years old, Jane was 28. Henry was
delighted when she gave birth to a son, Edward, in
October 1538. Henry was very upset when Jane died
a month later. On his deathbed, Henry requested to
be buried next to Jane.
Wife Number Five...Kathryn Howard
Henry married 19 year old Kathryn in 1540, he was
49. Kathryn found life with Henry boring and had
many younger friends. Katherine's actions led to her
being accused of adultery and subsequently
executed in 1542.
Wife Number Four…Anne of Cleves
Anne was the 24 year old daughter of the Duke of
Cleves. Henry agreed to marry her having only seen
her painting. When he saw her face to face he was
horrified and tried to find a way out of the marriage
but could not. He married Anne in 1540 and
divorced her the same year.
Wife Number Six…Katherine Parr
Henry married twice widowed Katherine Parr in
1543. She was a good stepmother to the King's three
children. She was also an excellent nursemaid and
looked after Henry when he was sick. After Henry's
death she married Edward's uncle, Thomas Seymour.
Katherine Parr died in childbirth in 1548.
26
Across
2. What happened to Anne Boleyn
5. What happened to Henry's third wife
9. Surname of Henry's fifth wife
10. Name of Catherine of Aragon's first husband
11. Henry married Anne of Cleves because she was
this religion
Down
1. Name of Henry's third wife
3. Only child of Anne Boleyn
4. Henry started this to get a divorce
6. Only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon
7. Anne Boleyn refused to be this
8. Number of times Henry divorced
9. Name of Henry's first son who was born and died in
1511
The King’s Religious Conservatism

Henry was not as bold in religion as he was in politics & marriage
o
He did break away from Catholic Church
o

For most part, Catholic doctrine was maintained by Henry in a Protestant country
o
Despite his marriages and affairs, Henry forbid clergy to marry & threatened death for clergy
caught twice with women
o
Henry hated the growing popularity of Protestantism
o

Reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied Eucharist cup to laity, declared celibate vows
inviolable, provided for private Masses, & continued oral confession

Protestants called this law the “whip with six stings”

The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI

Henry died 1547 –
o
So regents ruled in his place until he was old enough (duke of Somerset & earl of Warwick)
o
Henry’s Six Articles and laws against Protestant heresy were removed
o
Clerical marriage & Eucharist with cup were allowed
o
1549, Act of Uniformity passed –

27
o
Second Act of Uniformity came in 1552, imposing revised Book of Common Prayer on English
churches
o
42-article confession of faith (also written by T. Cranmer) set down basic ideas of Protestantism


Justification by faith, supremacy of Scripture, denial of transubstantiation, only 2
sacraments
These changes didn’t last though
o

Mary restored Catholic doctrine & practices

Anne Boleyn’s daughter – Elizabeth –
6. Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
Sources of Catholic Reform

Before Reformation, proposals were made for church reform
o
o

But there were still reformers in the old church
New religious orders also began in 1500s calling for revival of piety
o
o
Theatines started 1524

Goal –

Co-founder was Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa – would become Pope Paul IV
Capuchins started 1528

o
Goal – return to original ideas of St. Francis (became popular among the masses)
Somaschi & Barnabites – started in mid-to-late 1520s

Goal – repair the moral, spiritual, and physical damage done to people in war-torn Italy

Goal – set up convents (in Italy &France) for religious education of girls (rich & poor)
o
o
Oratorians – started in 1575
28

Goal –
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

Most successful reform group in Counter-Reformation was the Society of Jesus –
o
o


By end of 16th century, it had 10,000 members scattered around globe
Ignatius of Loyola started his religious life in 1521 (after being wounded in battle)
o
While he recovered, he read Christian classics
o
Impressed by self-sacrifice of saints –
After he healed, he created a program of religious & moral self-discipline for himself – Spiritual Exercises
o
Guide contained mental & emotional exercises to teach you spiritual mastery over your feelings


Protestants stood out by religious innovation & disobedience to church

Jesuits taught good Catholics to be selfless and obey higher church authorities completely
o
The Council of Trent

Success of Reformation forced Pope Paul III to call general council of church
o
Council met in city of Trent (northern Italy) in 1545
o
There were 3 sessions spread out over 18 years (interrupted by wars, politics, etc.)



1st – 1545-1547
2nd – 1551-1552
3rd – 1562-1563

o
Most important reforms involved internal church discipline


Many bishops living in Rome forced to move to their own dioceses
29

These bishops now had more authority over their diocese (to maintain discipline)

But they also had to be visible – preach regularly & conduct annual visits of
parishes



Seminaries were placed in many diocese to train priests
Trent made no concessions to Protestants, however
o
Instead, it preached the same old story:


At first, many resisted Trent’s reforms
o
It looked like pope was trying to regain his old power
o
Parish life improved under better trained & better educated clergy

7. The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
“Magisterial Reformers”

Luther, Zwingli, & Calvin were religious reformers
o
They had no intention of disobeying civic responsibilities & obligations
o
Not only were they leaders of Protestant movements, but they also succeeded by force & coercion


But they themselves never attempted reforms that disobeyed the laws & customs of society
The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions

Reformation was politically conservative

But by end of 1500s, it brought about huge changes in traditional religious practices & institutions
Religion in 15th-Century Life

On the streets of 15th-century cities, clergy were everywhere
o
30
o

Made laws & taxes, tried cases in church courts, enforced laws with threats
(excommunication)
Church calendar controlled daily life
o
o

There were special fasting periods (could only eat certain things at certain times of year)
Monasteries & nunneries were influential institutions
o
Children of society’s leaders lived there
o
Local aristocrats gave generously to their own churches


Images of saints were everywhere
o
Religious shrines were big business


Preachers came throughout the year to sell indulgences

Many clergy openly had concubines & kids (even though it was forbidden)
o

People complained about clergy’s exemption from taxation & criminal code

People also complained about paying for church offices of people who lived elsewhere
Religion in 16-Century Life

After Reformation, same aristocratic families ran cities
o

There were less clergy & religious holidays

Monasteries & nunneries were gone (and ones that survived turned into hospices for sick & poor
or into educational institutions)


Mass was said in vernacular (not Latin)

There were no more fasts for laity

31

Shrines were closed & anyone caught worshiping saints or relics was fined

Luther’s translation of New Testament found in most homes

o

They also paid taxes & were punished in court for their crimes
Not everyone was happy about these changes
o
Over half of the original converts to Protestantism returned to Catholicism by end of
1500s
o
Directions: Using the notes above, write whether the description describes religious life in the 15th or 16th century.
Worth 20 points.
15th or 16th Century
Description
There were less clergy and religious holidays
Clergy made up 6-8% of the urban population
Clergy were allowed to marry
Mass said in the vernacular
Mass and liturgy read in Latin
1/3 of calendar year devoted to religious holidays
No more indulgence preachers
20% of Europeans were Protestant
Many clergy had mistresses (even though it was forbidden)
Religious shrines attracted attention and money
The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women

Protestant reformers supported clerical marriage instead of celibacy
o

Protestants praised women in general, but especially for their roles as mothers & housewives

o
Women were still subject to their husbands, but new laws gave them better security & protection
32

Protestants argued that clerics should be able to marry because:
o
It would relieve their sexual frustration
o

But wives were also viewed as needed companions in work
o
Catholics argued the opposite –
Divorce

The ideal marriage with husband and wife as co-workers sharing authority led to expansion of
grounds for divorce
o

Catholics did not allow divorce

Renegade Women

o
Rebellious nuns argued that nunnery was not special place

They hated being under authority of male clergy – it was just as bad as an
abusive husband
o
Upper-class women, who gained new freedoms during Renaissance, enjoyed even more
freedoms thanks to Reformation
o
Encouraged education of girls in vernacular


o

But educated women also found Bible passages they could use to argue their equality
with men
Education allowed some women to become authors in defense of the Reformation
o
These were small steps –
8. Family Life in Early Modern Europe
Later Marriages

1500-1800, men & women in Western Europe married later than they had in earlier times
o
Men –
33
o

Women –
Church-sanctioned age for marriage for men was 14 and for women was 12
o
After Reformation, both Protestants & Catholics required parental consent & public vows in
church for marriage to be legal
o
It took couples longer to prepare themselves (economically) for marriage


1500s – 20% of women never married & 15% were widowed = large unmarried female
population
o
o
Later marriages also meant frequent remarriage for men

o
Older women had higher risk of dying during childbirth – leaving men widowers
Later marriages also increased premarital sex & illegitimate children

Arranged Marriages

Marriages arranged by parents who would meet to discuss the terms of the marriage beforehand
o
o
But by 1400s, it was also important for bride & groom to have known each other & had some sort
of relationship
o
Parents also started respecting their children’s emotions more

Most parents would not force total strangers to live together

Family Size

Western European families were nuclear
o

This nuclear family lived in larger household (in-laws, servants, laborers, boarders)
o
34

One-third of these children died by age 5

Birth Control

Artificial birth control has existed since ancient times
o
Early birth control methods were not very effective
o
To the church, a moral act must help, not stop, nature’s goal
o
The natural result of sex was birth of children –

Wet Nursing


Both doctors & churches condemned women who hired wet nurses to suckle their newborn children
o
Popular among upper-class women –
o
It increased infant mortality rate by exposing babies to milk from less healthy women
Women wanted wet nurses because it was convenient for them

o
Church forbid lactating women from having sex – so nursing wives could not sleep with husbands
o

Some women prolonged nursing child to avoid another pregnancy

Loving Families?

Traditional Western European families, to us, seem cold & distant
o
Children from ages 8-13 sent from homes to apprenticeships, school, or jobs
o

o

Widowers & widows often married within months of their spouses’ deaths
And large age disparity between some spouses suggests little affection
But parents were not as cold as we might think
35
o
They loved their children – and wanted them to be successful and have a future


And in that time period, most people could not afford to be on their own for long – hence the quick
remarriages by widowers & widows
o
Directions: Working in groups, you will create a skit involving an everyday scene of family life (mother, father, children, etc.).
Everyone in the group must have a role and at least 5 lines. The skit can be serious, funny, emotional, strange, or whatever. But
remember, it is the 1500s, so try to the best of your ability to create a family scene of life in the 1500s. In the first box, write the name of
the family, the characters (and who plays them), and a brief description of each character. Then write a brief description of the skit.
Then write a title of the skit. Finally, write the skit itself. If we have time, we will perform them. Worth 32 points. Everyone must fill in
everything below in their own packets.
Characters & Family Name
Skit Description
Title
36
37
9. Literary Imagination in Transition
Miguel de Cervantes: Rejection of Idealism

Spanish literature of 1500s & 1600s reflects the religion & politics of Spain at the time
o
Aggressive piety of Spanish rulers influenced literature as did medieval values of chivalry

Honor & loyalty play big parts in Spanish plays & novels of this time

o
Cervantes had little formal education – his school was books & life
38

As young man, worked in Rome for a cardinal

As a soldier, decorated for bravery in a battle against the Turks



Later, he went to prison for stealing tax money (as a tax collector)
In prison, he began to write his most famous work –
o
Cervantes was trying to make fun of the chivalry & romance popular at the time

o

Quixote went mad reading chivalric romances and came to believe he was to become a
knight, but he had to prove himself first by performing great deeds

So he wore some rusty armor & chose a peasant girl – Dulcinea – to be his inspiration (he
thought she was a noble woman)
Quixote’s sidekick – Sancho Panza –

o
Story ends when his friend – disguised as a knight –


Quixote even fights a windmill which he thinks is a dragon
He returned to his village and died an old, broken-hearted man
Cervantes constantly contrasts the realism of Sancho with the idealism of Quixote
o
Critics believe Cervantes admired both men equally –
William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age

Shakespeare had experience in every facet of theater
o
He was a playwright, an actor, and part owner of a theater

Was member & main writer of theater company called the King’s Men

o
Richard III is his best-known history

But many scholars complain that it is obvious propaganda to depict Richard in a bad
light

39

o
4 were written in a 3-year period: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, & Macbeth
o
Most famous tragedy – Romeo & Juliet – told old story of “star-crossed lovers” who die tragic
deaths because their families do not want them to marry
Shakespeare’s plays were popular among all groups of readers & theatergoers

Directions: Working in pairs, you will write a conversation you might have with each other. The conversation must be 20 lines long (10
lines each). Then, using the Shakespearean terms below (use at least 10), you will rewrite the conversation. Both individuals must write
the entire conversation. Worth 40 points. Then you will perform your conversations for the class. Worth 10 points. Put the name of the
speaker on the left line and the dialogue on the right.
Normal Conversation
________________:_________________________________________________________________________________
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________________:_________________________________________________________________________________
addition - title
affined - bound by duty
alarum - call to arms with
trumpets
anatomize - to analyze in detail
ancient - ensign
40
anon - until later
arrant - absolute
aroint - begone
assail - to make amorous siege
to
attend - to await
aye - yes
baffle - to hang up (a person)
by the heels as a mark
of disgrace
baggage - strumpet, prostitute
balk - to disregard
barm - the froth on ale
belike - maybe
blank - a target
bolted - refined
brach - bitch hound
brake - bushes
brave - fine, handsome
bum - backside, buttocks
caitiff - a wretched humble
person
catch - song
character - handwriting
chuck - term of endearment,
chick
clout - a piece of white cloth
cog - to deceive
coil - trouble
cousin - any close relative
descant - improvize
dispatch - to hurry
e'en - evening
enow - enough
fare - thee-well-goodbye
fie - a curse
fustian - wretched
got - begot
grammarcy - thank you
halter - noose
heavy - sorrowful
honest - chaste, pure
housewife - hussy, prostitute
impeach - dishonor
list - listen
mayhap - maybe
mess - meal, food
mew - confine
minister - servant
moiety - portion
morrow - day
nay - no
ne'er - never
office - service or favor
Shakespearean Conversation
oft - often
passing - surprisingly,
exceedingly
perchance - maybe
perforce - of necessity
politician - schemer
post - messenger
power - army
prithee - i pray thee (please)
quest - a jury
recreant - coward
resolve - to answer; reply to
soundly - plainly
stale - harlot
subscription - loyalty,
allegiance
tax - to criticize; to accuse
troth - belief
teem - to give birth
tucket - trumpet flourish
verge - edge, circumference
verily - truly
want - lack
welkin - sky
well - a-day-alas
wherefore - why
yea - yes
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41
________________:_________________________________________________________________________________
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________________:_________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
42
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