Download Plant Parts - POLYTECH High School

Plants and Our Environment
Classification
Introduction
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We live on a planet called Earth.
Biologists call the Earth and its
atmosphere -- the Biosphere.
The Biosphere is composed of
organic and inorganic matter
Organic matter (stuff containing
carbon) is again divided into
living and non-living objects
All living beings are currently
divided into five Kingdoms
Kingdoms of All Living Beings:
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Plantae - the plant kingdom, studied
in the field of Botany
Fungi - the kingdom of fungus and
molds, studied as Mycology
Animalia - the animal kingdom, the
domain of Zoology
Protoctista - a catch-all for all other
"higher-order" organisms from singlecelled microbes to large seaweeds
(algae)
Monera - consists of bacteria -- smallcelled microorganisms without true
cell nuclei
Protoctista
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Green Algae (7000
species)
Red Algae (4000
species)
Brown Algae (1500
species)
Diatoms (10,000
species) and various
Plankton
Animalia
Spinal Cords
(Chordata)
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Joint-Legs
(Arthropoda)
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Soft Bodies =
Mollusks
(Mollusca)
the Kingdom most and
least familiar to us
mammals, fish, and
birds -- belong to a
single subgroup within
one of the 33 Phyla
comprising the Animal
Kingdom
800,000 + species
have been identified in
the Animal Kingdom -most of them in the
Arthropod phylum
Other Animalia
Spiny-skinned
(Echinodermata)
[Marine]
Stingers
(Cnidaria)
Fungus
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provide a critical part
of nature's
continuous rebirth
recycle dead organic
matter into useful
nutrients
Many plants depend
on the help of a
fungus to get their
own nutrients
“symbiotic relationship”
Plantae: The Plant Kingdom
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Plants provide nourishment for our bodies and
souls
Plants provide the oxygen we breathe and the
food that sustains us
Plants provide shade over our heads and cool
carpets under our feet
Surround us with beautiful colors and marking
the change of seasons
Prominent plants determine ecological
communities such as "Redwood-Tanoak
Forest" or "Oak Grassland" and dictate the
animals, fungi found there, and climate as well.
Plant Classification
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Plants are classified into 12 phyla or divisions based
largely on reproductive characteristics;
they are classified by tissue structure into nonvascular (mosses), and vascular plants (all others)
q by "seed" structure into those that reproduce
through naked seeds, covered seeds, or spores;
q by stature divided into mosses, ferns, shrubs and
vines, trees, and herbs.
All of these higher-level groupings are decidedly
lopsided: the vast majority of the 270,000 plant
species are flowering herbs.
Division or Phylum?
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Although the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature allows the use of the term "phylum" in
reference to plants,
The term "Division" is almost always used by
botanists.
Plant Divisions
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Green Algae (Division Chlorophyta) - most
primitive members
Liverworts and Mosses (have neither xylem and
phloem) nor woody tissue
Lycopsids (Division Lycopsida) - often called club
mosses. They are not mosses at all, but vascular
plants with xylem and phloem running through
their roots, stems, and leaves
Horsetails (Division Equisetopsida)
Ferns (Division Filicopsida)
Seed Plants (Division Spermatopsida) –
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
CLASS
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Angiospermae (Angiosperms)
Plants which produce flowers
Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms)
Plants which don't produce flowers
SUBCLASS
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Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots)
Plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots)
Plants with one seed leaf
SUPERORDER
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Group of related Plant Families
classified in the order in which they are thought to
have developed their differences from a common
ancestor
Six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae,
Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae,
Asteridae),
Four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae
(Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae)
The names of the Superorders end in -idae
ORDER
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Each Super order is further divided
into several Orders.
The names of the Orders end in ales
FAMILY
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Each Order is divided into Families.
Plant with many botanical features in common
This is the highest classification normally used.
Similarity between plants is often easily recognizable
The names of the Families end in -aceae
SUBFAMILY
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Family may be further divided into a
number of sub-families
Group together plants within the Family
that have some significant botanical
differences.
The names of the Subfamilies end in oideae
TRIBE
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A further division of plants within a Family,
based on smaller botanical differences
The names of the Tribes end in -eae
SUBTRIBE
A further division, based on even smaller
botanical differences, often only recognisable to
botanists.
The names of the Subtribes end in -inae
GENUS
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This part of the plant name that is most familiar,
Normal name that you give a plant – Acer (Maple),
Quercus (Oak), and so on.
The plants in a Genus are often easily recognizable
as belonging to the same group.
The name of the Genus should be written with a
capital letter.
SPECIES
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This level defines an individual plant.
Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant –
Colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be
named after the place where it was found.
Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one
plant
Used to identify that particular plant
Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species
that contain plants not quite so distinct that they are classified
as Varieties.
The name of the species should be written after the Genus
name, in small letters, with no capital letter.
VARIETY
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A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from
the species plant
but the differences are not so insignificant as the
differences in a form.
The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to
var.
The name follows the Genus and species name, with
var. before the individual variety name.
FORM
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A form is a plant within a species that has minor
botanical differences
Such as the color of flower or shape of the leaves.
The name follows the Genus and species name, with
form (or f.) before the individual variety name.
CULTIVAR
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A Cultivar is a cultivated variety
a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or
through deliberate hybridization, and can be
reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more
of the same plant.
The name follows the Genus and species name.
It is written in the language of the person who
described it, and should not be translated.
It is either written in single quotation marks
or has cv. written in front of the name.
Carl Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
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also known as:
Carl von Linné
Carolus Linnaeus
Known as the Father of
Taxonomy
Taxonomy – systematic
classification of plants
Devised a method of
hierarchical
classification
binomial nomenclature
Named approx. 250,000
plant species
Quercus falcata Michx.
Linnean herbarium (S-LINN)
Department of Phanerogamic Botany
Swedish Museum of Natural History (S)
Mosses
non-vascular plants
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cannot transport fluids through their bodies
rely on surrounding moisture to do this job for them
small in stature but very important in our ecosystem
prevent erosion, and contribute to the lush green
appearance of many forested areas.
reproduce by spores, never have flowers, and can be
found growing on the ground, on rocks, and on other
plants.
24,000 bryophyte species, sometimes grouped into a
single phylum are now grouped in three phyla: Mosses
(Bryophyta), Liverworts (Hepatophyta) and Hornworts
(Anthoceraphyta)
Leaf-like
Liverworts
Mosses
Leafy
Liverworts
Hornworts
Ferns
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second major step in the evolutionary sophistication of plants
reproduce by spores like mosses instead of by seed
Ferns and allies have a vascular system to transport fluids
through their bodies
The main phylum, the Ferns (Filicinophyta = Pteridophyta)
includes around 12,000 species.
Three other phyla are included as fern allies: the Horsetails ,
40 species; Club mosses (Lycopodophyta, 1,000 species),
and Whisk ferns (Psilophyta, 3 species)
Conifers
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The gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to
plant evolution
reproduce from seeds instead of spores
The seeds, however, are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) - not covered by an ovary
Usually, the seed is produced inside a cone-like
structure such as a pine cone hence the name
"conifer."
Some conifers, such as the Yew and Ginkgo, produce
their seeds inside a berry-like structure.
Conifers Cont’d
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fairly easy to identify
In addition to cones, these trees and shrubs typically have
needle-like, scale-like or awl-like leaves
And they never have flowers
Approximately 600 species of conifers including the pines, firs,
spruces, cedars, junipers, and yew
Species within the conifer ranks give us pine nuts -- pesto's
magic ingredient -- as well as juniper berries for gin.
Conifer allies include: Ginkgo (Ginkophyta) with a single
species: the Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba); palm-like Cycads
(Cycadophyta) ; and herb-like cone-bearing plants
(Gnetophyta) such as Ephedra
Angiosperms
(Angiospermophyta,
Class Dicotyledoneae)
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the final improvement to plant reproduction
they grow their seeds inside an ovary (Greek: angeion =
vessel) which is embedded in a flower
After it is fertilized, the flower falls away and the ovary swells to
become a fruit.
Plants in the class Dicotyledoneae grow two seed-leaves
(cotyledons).
foliage leaves typically have a single, branching, main vein
originating at the base of the leaf blade, or three or more main
veins that diverge from the base.
The vast majority of plants are Dicots. Most trees, shrubs,
vines, and flowers belong to this group
Approx. 200,000 species. Most fruits, vegetables and legumes
come from this class.
Angiosperms
(Angiospermophyta,
Class Monocotyledoneae )
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Monocots start with one seed-leaf (cotyledon) the first leaf
formed on a seedling)
leaves with parallel veins, usually unbranched
flower parts occur in multiples of three (three or six petals, three
or six stamens, and so on)
Approx. 30,000 plants are classified as monocots including
many of the prettiest members of kingdom Plantae: orchids,
lilies, irises, palms and even the Bird-of-Paradise plant. The
grasses which carpet our lawns and meadows are also
monocots.
Monocots provide us with our primary sources of nutrition,
supplying us and the animals we eat with grains such as wheat,
oats, and corn, as well as fruits such as dates and bananas.
Plant Classification
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an attempt to organize the hundreds of thousands of
species of plants into a meaningful scheme that allows
us to make assumptions about the life history, biology,
and chemical constituents of various groups.
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the
rules that govern the naming of plants, currently
recognizes seven ranks
Each of these ranks is included in one (and only one)
higher rank and has one or more members of
subordinate rank.
International Code of
Botanical
Nomenclature
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The seven ranks of corn are:
Kingdom:
Division:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Complete Classification
of Corn
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The seven ranks of corn are:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea mays
The seven ranks indicates
something about the corn plant
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The kingdom Plantae indicates that corn is a plant and
probably photosynthesizes using chlorophyll
The division Magnoliophyta indicates that it is a
flowering plant
The class Liliopsida indicates that it is a monocot
The order Cyperales indicates that the seeds store
starch and the flowers lack petals and sepals
The family Poaceae indicates that it has a unique type
of inflorescence, round stems, and a distinctive
internal anatomy. And so on, down to the species
level.
Use of Scientific Names
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Smallest two categories in the classification system
Binomial nomenclature
Latin and Greek languages (no longer spoken, does not
change)
Common names confusing and inconsistent
Universal recognition, one name per plant species
Professional horticulturalists need to know both names
Written in italics or underlined
Examples:
Acer rubrum
Acer plantanoides
Acer saccharinum Acer palmatum
Acer saccharum
Acer ginnala
Credit is given to the founder: Betula nigra L.
Variety vs. cultivar – intentional or unintentional genetic
variation
Ex: A. rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ or A. rubrum cv. Red Sunset
Horticultural
Descriptions of Plants
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Woody vs. herbaceous
Evergreen vs. deciduous
Semi evergreen
Trees vs. shrubs
Vines
Groundcovers
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
Hardy vs tender plants
Nursery plants
Greenhouse crops
Bedding plants
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Foliage plants
Native plants
Exotics
Naturalized
Aquatic
Specimen
Accent
Tropical
How are plants identified?
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Use of a dichotomous key
Each couplet consists of two contrasting statements
Based on physical features or taxonomic
characteristics of the plant
Plant
Identification
Visual Descriptions of
Plants
Leaf Types
Simple vs. Compound
Leaves
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Shape
Margin
Lobes
Base
Vein pattern
Apex style
Simple vs compound
Surface texture
Trifoliate
Compound
Simple
Palmately
Compound
Pinnately
Compound
Bi-Pinnately
Compound
Types of
Simple Lobed
Leaves
Tri-Lobed
Palmately
Lobed
Pinnately Lobed
Apex
2
Notch
7
Lobe
6
Leaf Blade
1
Midrib
8
Margin
5
Petiole
4
Spine &
9
veins
Base
3
Leaf Shapes
Oblanceolate
Obovate
Ovate
Lanceolate
Oval
Linear
Orbicular
Oblong
Leaf Apexes
Acute (sharply pointed)
Cuspidate (curving to a point)
Obtuse (Rounded or Blunt)
Emarginate
(notched at the tip)
Leaf Bases
Cuneate
Rounded
Cordate
Truncate
Leaf Margins
Dentate
Entire
Serrate
Doubly
Serrate
Crenate-Serrate
Crenate
Twigs
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Types of buds
Terminal bud
Lateral/axillary bud
Bud arrangement
Leaf petiole scar
Lenticles
Pith
Bud scale scar
T
1erminal Bud
Lenticels
2
Lateral/axillary bud
3
Internode
4
(space between nodes)
Petiole Scar
5
Bud Scale Scar
6
One years growth
7
Vascular Bundle Scar
8
Pith
9
Types of Buds
Valvate
Scaly
(2 scales)
Stalked
Sessile
Imbricate
Scaly
(w/o stalk)
(many scales)
Leaf & Bud
Arrangements
Fascicled
Alternate
Opposite
(clustered on a spur)
Whorled
Types of piths
Hollow
Solid
Generous
Diaphragmed
Stellate
Chambered
Fruits
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A fruit is the ripened ovary of
the flower
Different types of flowers
produce different kinds of fruit
To correctly identify a plant,
you must have the fruit or the
flower
Fruits
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Fruits are a unique structure found
only in angiosperms
Fruits develop from the ovary of
the flower
in addition, may include various
accessory structures that derive
from other parts of the flower or
inflorescence
Angiosperm
means “seeds in vessels”. The
FRUIT IS the vessel
Why do angiosperms make fruits?
Two major functions of fruits
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to protect the ovules as they mature into
seeds
to aid in seed dispersal
The chief agents in seed and fruit dispersal
are wind, water and animals.
Fruit Development
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Starts with pollination
(fertilization)
The flower drops its colorful parts
The ovary expands to make room
for growing seeds (ovules)
The ovary matures into a structure
known as the pericarp which often
differentiates into several distinct
tissues layers
Perfect Flower vs
Imperfect Flower
EXOCARP
MESOCARP
ENDOCARP
Fruit Classification
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Fruit classification is based primarily on the following
criteria:
Whether the fruit is dry or fleshy
Whether the fruit is dehiscent or indehiscent
Number of flowers/ovaries that make up the fruit
Number of seeds in the fruit
Ovary position
Family to which the plant belongs
Dehiscent Fruit
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Fruits that split open
In a dehiscent fruit, the seeds are
the unit of dispersal
Dehiscent Fruit
Indehiscent Fruit
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Fruits that do not split open are
In an indehiscent fruit, the fruit and
seed become an integrated
dispersal unit.
Indehiscent Fruit
Seed Dispersion
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edible fruits have co-evolved with animals that can
disperse seeds
Animals become attracted to ripening fruits as they
become softer, more fragrant, and higher in sugar
Fruits change color to attract birds and mammals,
animals large enough to disperse the seeds
Types of Fruit
Classification of Fruit Types
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Simple fruit - formed from a single pistil or single
flower w/ a single ovary (pea, tomato, lily, apple,
cucumber)
Aggregate fruit - formed from a cluster of separate
pistils borne in a single flower (strawberry, raspberry,
magnolia)
Multiple fruit - formed from the pistils of several to
many flowers consolidated with other floral or
inflorescence parts (pineapple, sweetgum, dogwood,
fig)
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Accessory –
develops from one or more ovaries and
includes the calyx and/or receptacle
Perfect Flower vs
Imperfect Flower
Simple Fruit
Aggregate
Multiple
Examples of Simple,
Dry, and Dehiscent Fruit
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Follicle -
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A dry dehiscent fruit
developed from 1 carpel and
at maturity splitting along only
one seam
Milkweed
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Examples of Simple,
Dry, and Dehiscent Fruit
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Legume -
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A dry dehiscent fruit
developed from 1 carpel and
at maturity splitting along two
seams
(beans, peas)
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Examples of Simple,
Dry, and Dehiscent Fruit
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Silique -
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a special long slender
capsule of 2 carpels
Splits along two seems
This is typical of the mustard
family
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Examples of Simple,
Dry, and Dehiscent Fruit
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Capsule -
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A dry dehiscent fruit
developed from several
united (syncarpous) carpels.
Lilies, evening primrose,
Yucca, poppies
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Examples of Simple,
Dry, and Indehiscent
Fruit
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Achene -
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A one-seeded, dry,
indehiscent fruit;
the one seed is free from the
pericarp except for a single
point of attachment
(buttercups, dandelion,
sunflower).
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Examples of Simple,
Dry, and Indehiscent
Fruit
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Nut -
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similar to an achene but with
the wall (pericarp) greatly
thickened and hardened
as in an acorn (beech,
chestnut, oak)
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Examples of Simple, Fleshy
Fruit
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Drupe -
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A one-seeded simple "stone fruit"
developed from a superior ovary
innermost portion of the wall, the
endocarp, becomes hard and
stony
the outermost part, the exocarp,
becomes a relatively thin skin
the middle portion between the skin
and the stone, the mesocarp,
becomes either fleshy or fibrous
(cherry, coconut, olive)
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Examples of Simple,
Fleshy Fruit
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Berry -
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A simple fruit in which the
ovary wall or at least its inner
portions become enlarged
and usually juicy.
(grape, banana, tomato,
watermelon).
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Examples of Simple,
Fleshy Fruit
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Hesperidium -
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special type of berry
a leathery rind forms;
the interior of the fruit divided
by septa, indicating the
number of carpels.
(citrus)
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Examples of Simple,
Fleshy Fruit
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Pepo -
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special type of berry
relatively hard rind is formed;
the interior of fruit not divided
by septa.
(watermelon, gourds, squash,
cucumbers).
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Examples of Simple,
Fleshy Fruit
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Pome -
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An accessory fleshy fruit
formed by a group of carpels
from an inferior ovary and
surrounded by and united to
the floral tube or receptacle.
(apple, pear, mountain ash).
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Examples of Aggregate
Fruit
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formed from a cluster of
separate pistils borne in a
single flower
The individual units may be
berries, achenes, drupes, or
other specific types.
(raspberry, strawberry,
magnolias).
Examples of Multiple
Fruit
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formed from the pistils of
several to many flowers
consolidated with other floral
or inflorescence parts
(pineapple, sweetgum,
dogwood, fig, mulberry)
Types of Fruit
1BERRY
4Drupe
2Pome
Multiple
3
5
Aggregate
6
Legume
Winged
7
Samaras
9Achene
Aggregate
8
of Samaras
10
Indehiscent
11
Dehiscent
Nut
13
Capsule
12
Follicle
14
Cone
Achene
Follicle
Drupe
Berry
Coffee Fruit
Hesperidiums
Pepo
Pome
Aggregate
Legume
Capsule
Samara
Nut
Multiple
Parts of an Ovary Wall
EXOCARP
MESOCARP
ENDOCARP
Flowers
What is a flower?
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reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially
one having showy or colorful parts
plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms
The function of a flower?
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To produce seeds through sexual reproduction
For the higher plants, seeds are the next generation
Serve as the primary means by which individuals of a
species are dispersed across the landscape
After fertilization, a flower develops into a fruit
containing the seed(s).
4 Main Parts of a Flower
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Petal
Sepal
Stamen
Pistil
1
6
2
3
7
4
5
Types of Flowers
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Described by the position of the ovary
in relation to the flower parts
Described as singular (one flower per
stem)
Described as composite (multiple
small ray and disc flowers (sunflower
or daisy)
Described as inflorescence (clusters
of small flowers arranged on an axis
(snapdragons or baby’s breath)
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Type of
flower?
Hypogynous
Why?
Flower parts
separate
Position of
ovary?
Superior
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Type of
flower?
Perigynous
Why?
Flower parts
fused
Position of
ovary?
Superior
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Type of
flower?
Epigynous
Why?
Flower parts
fused
Position of
ovary?
Inferior
Perfect Flower vs
Imperfect Flower
Complete Flower vs
Incomplete Flower
Monoecious Plants
Dioecious Plants
Examples of
Inflorescences
Solitary terminal
Solitary –
Axillary
Spike – w/o
stalks
Raceme – w/
stalks
Panicle –
compound
raceme
Catkin
Cyme
Corymb
Umbel
Compound Umbel
Flower Inflorescence
Corymb
Umbel
Compound Umbel
Cyme
A cyme is a flower cluster in which the
central or terminal flower blooms earliest.
Catkin
Environmental Benefits
From Trees
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Settle out, trap, and hold small particles such as dust,
ash, pollen, and smoke that can damage lungs
Absorb sulfur dioxide and other pollutants
Replenish the atmosphere with oxygen
Hold the soil with their roots, preventing erosion
Provide homes and food for birds and other animals
Keep buildings warmer in cold weather by serving as a
windbreak and cooler in hot weather by providing
shade- lowering energy bills in the process
Muffle traffic noise
Provide beauty and enjoyment
Products From Trees
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Paper
Bark:
bottle corks, heat shields for
spaceships, tannin to cure
leather, baseballs, medicine
Cellulose (wood fiber):
paper, carpets, plastic film,
steering wheels, toothbrush
handles, ping-pong balls,
wallpaper past, explosives,
shampoo, luggage, pillows
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Gums & Resins:
cosmetics, mouthwash,
paint thinner, perfumes,
soap, coating for pills,
rubber gloves, paint
Food:
allspice
almonds
apples
cinamon
coconuts maple syrup
olives
oranges
peaches pistachios
walnuts
cocoa
Handouts
Parts of an Ovary Wall
2
1
4
5
3
6
8
7
9
10
11
2
7
6
1
8
5
9
3
4
1
2
3
6
4
7
5
8
9
Leaf Type
Types of
Simple Lobed
Leaves
Tri-Lobed
Palmately
Lobed
Leaf Shapes
Leaf Apexes
Leaf Bases
Leaf Margins
Types of Buds
Leaf & Bud Arrangements
Types of piths