Download WORD CLASSES, SENTENCE STRUCTURE and TERMINOLOGY

WORD CLASSES, SENTENCE STRUCTURE and
TERMINOLOGY
Word Classes – terminology for words
Sentence Structure – the parts that go together to
form a sentence
Terminology – specific groupings for words
WORD CLASSES
Noun ~ a person, place or thing CHAIR
Pronoun ~ replaces a noun
Common Noun ~ general
Proper Noun ~ names
Concrete Noun ~ tangible
Abstract Noun ~ intangible
HE, WHICH, IT
HOTEL, CITY
DAVE, PARIS
GLASS, DOG
(an idea or concept) HATRED, JUSTICE
Collective Noun ~ plural content GROUP, TEAM
WORD CLASSES
Adjective ~ a describing word
Verb ~ a doing word
Adverb ~ adjective and verb mixed
Preposition ~ the where and when
of nouns
NICE
VISIT
NICELY
IN, ON, WITH
Auxiliary verb ~ helps a verb
AM leaving
Conjunction ~ joins together
Determiner ~ the type of a noun
IF, AND, BUT
A man,
THESE men
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
A Clause ~ contains a subject and a verb
A Simple sentence ~ has one clause/statement
John is fishing.
A Compound sentence ~ has more than one clause/
statement linked by conjunctions
John is fishing and he needs more bait.
A Complex sentence ~ has a main clause and
lesser clause(s), with a subordinator
When he goes fishing, he forgets to take enough
bait.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
A Clause ~ has a verb
A Phrase ~ does not have a verb
watching the sun burn in the sky
when I actually got there
for the last year
this is true
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Agreeing Plurals and Singulars
If you want to write proper English, you have to follow a rule called
“subject-verb agreement.”
– That means that if the subject is plural (ducks), then the verb
needs to be plural (quack). If the subject is singular (duck) then
the verb needs to be singular (quacks).
– Notice that English verbs, unlike nouns, usually don’t become
plural by adding s. In fact, many singular, present-tense verbs end
with s, while many plural verbs don’t – exactly the opposite of
nouns.
– Singular noun: The tap runs
– Plural noun: The taps run
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Agreeing Plurals and Singulars – sentences
with several nouns
My mother and my father are visiting me – right
My mother and my father is visiting me - wrong
two parents together (and) are plural, each separately
(or) is singular
My mother or my father is going to call me today –
right
My mother or my father are going to call me today –
wrong
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Agreeing Plurals and Singulars – sentences
with several nouns
Neither my mother nor my father is going to call me
today – right
Neither my mother nor my father are going to call me
today – wrong
Don’t get distracted if there’s another phrase between the subject and the verb. For
example, you should say
My sister, along with her children, is visiting me next
month - right
My sister and her daughters are visiting me next
month – right
TERMINOLOGY
Phoneme ~ the smallest unit of sound in a word
(say ‘igh’ in light)
Grapheme ~ that same sound written down
(write ‘igh’ in light)
Morpheme ~ the smallest unit with meaning in a word
(‘morph’ is Greek in origin and means form)
A Bound Morpheme ~ is dependent (bound) to other
morphemes in its word MORPHEME
A Free Morpheme ~ has independent meaning
MORPHEME
TERMINOLOGY
Decoding ~ correctly recognising words
Comprehension ~ understanding those words
and putting them to their correct use
Diagraph ~ two letters with one sound
STAIN
Triagraph ~ three letters with one sound
STITCH
Adjacent consonants ~ consonants next to each
other which can be heard individually when the word is
spoken
STRING
Prefix ~ an attachment to the beginning of a word
UNIMPORTANT, REVIEW
Suffix ~ an attachment at the end of a word
USELESS, APPLES, JOYFUL