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EKSIKA JOINT EXAMINATION
MAY/JUNE 2016
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
312/1
TIME 2¾
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) it emphasizes distribution of things on the earth’s surface and maps them to show
their relationships/pattern
2mks
(b) Relief
rocks and soil
Drainage
the earth and the solar
Wheatear and climate
Natural vegetation
any three 3×1
2(b) (i) A – Heave/ Escarpment
(ii) B- Upthrow
(iii) C – down throw
(3mks)
b) Vertical faulting across a river may cause waterfall
Rift faulting in a enclosed area may lead to formation of a lake if rivers drain into the
basin/inland drainage
Faulting may influence the flow of rivers e.g rivers may flow a long fault lines/fault guided
drainage
Uplifting of landscape which leads to faulting may cause rivers to reverse their direction of flow
2×1=2
3.a) Isobar is an imaginary line connecting places with the same air pressure or
It is a line on a map connecting places with the same atmospheric pressure
b) Recieves reainfal throughout the year
1×1=1
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rainfall total between 1000mm-1600mm heavy/high rainfall
rainfall occur mainly in the afternoons
rain is a companied by thunder
there is high humidity
double maxima rainfall
experiences convectional type of rainfall 4×1=4mks
4. a) Mass waiting refers to the downward/downslope movement of weathered material under the
influence of gravity
1×1=1mk
(b) Slope
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The nature of the materials
Climate
human activities
Vegetation
Earth movement
5×1=5mks
5. a) sand slone
 Day stone
 Silt stone
 Shale
3×1=3mks
5 (b) New minerals are formed
 Minerals recrystallize further
 Rock particles become compacted
 The physical appearance for rocks change
2×1=2mks
SECTION B
MAP WORK
6. (i) 1cm rep 0.5km
(01KM)
100,000cm =1km
50,000cm
50,000 ×1/100,000
1/50,000 ×100,000
1
1cm rep 0.5km
(1mk)
(ii) 2021
(iii) 1.6 KM + 0.1
1.5, 1,6KM OR 1.7KM
(02mks)
(iv)Height of odoido hill
1568m
(01km)
(i)
(ii)
277317
Air photo principal
Settlement /huts
Tracks/foot path
(iii)
(02mks)
3mks)
Rectangle
Space for map
Frame 01
Title 01
Features 04
b. iv) (a) Scattered trees, woodland thicket 02mks
(b) farming /agriculture-evidence cotton store gu squire 2731
Trading –markets
Transport – roads
Drainage of the seas
03mks
c) the main rivers is river Sio
- most of the rivers form dendutic
 River Sio flows from North East to the western part of the area covered by the map
 Some rivers disappear further into valleys or swamps
 Most rivers to the North part of the area covered by the map drain into swamps and any
other relevant
4mks
7.(a) Process through which the soil experiences insufficient moisture leading to scarcity
vegetation or barren land
02
(b) deserts mostly consist of sand and dust particles that are easily transported and deposited by
wind
Deserts often are barren hence no vegetation cover in most areas hence wind easily picks the
sand and dust
Moisture in the desert is insufficient therefore the soil is loosely bind and can easily be picked
and transported by wind
Most of the deserts are expansive/hence enough space for erosion and fromaioon dunes
3×1=3mks
C (i) Deflation hollows
 Wind blows over the desert surface/landscape and picks the loosened materials like sand
through deflation
 Continuously the materials are removed by rolling and lifting lowering the desert surface
 Eddy currents caused by the lowered surface continue to erode the depression widening it
to form a deflation hollw
Space for diagrams
7(a) (ii) it is a crescent shaped mound of sand deposit often found in deserts
 It develops when sand accumulate on an intervening obstacle that lies in the path of the
wind
 Deposition starts with a small hill with prevailing wind to force some sand to move
forward forming a smooth gentle windward slope
 The effect at the wind eddies cause the formation of steep slope and horns on the leeward
side
Diagram
7 (d) they are ridge shaped
 They lie parallel to the path of the prevailing wind
 Consist of corridors that are between 25-400N wide
(e) Strength and speed of wind
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Intervening obstacles/vegetation
Nature of load
Water mass/moisture
Weather changes
Students must explain to score full mark 2× 3=6mks
(f) Rock pedestals
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Mushroom blocks
Zeugens
Yardangs
Deflation hollows
Ventifacts
Any 2
2×1=2mks
(ii) To enable them to attend to all areas of concern
 To avoid getting lost/losing direction
 Would help them to estimate the total distance to be covered
 Helps them to dave time in allocating the features
2×1=2mks
8a. (i) they are thin/shallow
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They are stony/sandy
They are saline
are
Are usually loose in texture
 Rich in calcium
 Have low moisture content
4×1=4
- (ii) nature of the soil/solubility of the minerals
 topography
(b) (i) Parent rock
 The nature of the rock influences the rate of weathering/ . Hard rock weather slowly
while soft rocks weather fast
 Parent rock determines the soil texture /large grained soil
 The type of minerals in the parent rock are transferred to the soil during formation
2×1=2mks
(ii) topography
 It determines the rate of weathering/steep slopes encourage high rare of weathering and
removal of soil particles
 It also influences soil depth/gentle slopes have deep soils while steep slopes have thin
soils
 It influences soil drainage/where land is flat, soils are poorly drained 2×1=2mks
(iv)
Living organisms
 They assist in breaking down of rocks through burrowing /ploughing /root
penetration
 They influence the mechanical composition of soil by adding /removing
organic acid solution/minerals
 Burrowing / digging /influences soil aerration
8 ( c) A mature soil profile
(d) monoculture/farming activities leads to soils exhaustion thus making the soil vulnerable to
erosion
 Overstocking reduces vegetation cover, exposing soil to agents or erosion
 Ploughing up and sown slopes a slope provides channels for surface runoff. The
channels are enlarged to become gullies
 Clearance of vegetation cover exposes soil to agents for erosion/deforestation
 Mining/quarrying/road construction loosens/ exposes the soil making it susceptible to
erosion
 Human settlement and cultivation on steep slopes/river frontage/increases soil erosion
processes
 Continuous cultivation without replenishment of soil exhausts it making it vulnerable to
erosion
 Shifting cultivation/bush fallowing leaves hand unprotected against erosion
Double tick at the end of the whole explanation 2×4=8mks
9. A(I) Volcanic plugs
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Acid lava dome
Composite conos
Geysers/hotsprings
Craters
Fumaroles and solfatara
Lava plateaus and plaind
Ash and cindercores 1×3=3mks
(ii) through the vents
 Through fissures
 Through small cracks /faultiness
(b) (i) Collision between tectonic plates (2mks)
(ii) faulting/cracking of rocks
(iii) Movement of magma within the crust
(iv) Adjustment of rocks as a result of stress caused by processes such as folding
(v)
(vi)
Isostatic adjustment. Excessive energy release within the mantle which is explosive
Gravitative pressure
b.(i) Observation
 interviewing
 administering questionnaire
 photographic/filming
 sampling
c. (i) Acid lava dome
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ash and cinders
hot spring and geysers
caldera
craters
(ii) volcanic eruptions leads to emission of hot ashs and lava that may cause death e.g lava
 Weathered volcanic materials such as ashes and granite result into infertile soils hence
unsuitable for agriculture
 Some volcanic features create barriers making construction of communication lines
difficult and expensive
 Plugged nature of some volcanic landscapes discourages agriculture an establishment of
settlements
 Volcanic mountains ranges create a rain shadow effect on leeward sides causing acidity
e.g in Naro-moru Nyanuki region on the leeward side of mt. Kenya
Double tick 4×2=8
(i)the Central coast fo California in N. America
 around cape town in south Africa
 Coasta lands of southern Europe
 Central chile in south America
 South West and southern Australia
10. (ii) latitude:
Temperatures decrease from the equator towards the poles because the sun’s rays fall obliquely
on the earth’s surface on the poles. It also influences the seasonal vanation of rainfall 2×4=8
Altitude
Temperature decreases with increase in altitude. Reasons with low altitude will have higher
temperature than region of high altitudes for every 100m, of ascent, temperature drops by 0.6oC
Altitude
Temperature decreases with increase in altitude. Regions with low altitude will have higher
temperature than region of high altitude for every 100m of ascent, temperature drops by 6oc
Distance from the sea
Regions located in the interior of continents will have less rainfall and high temperature due to
their distances from the sea. Such regions do not benefit from sea maritime air.
Coastal configuration
This is the alignment, appearance fo nature of the coastline
Irregular coastline tend t receive high rainfall because the prevailing winds blow onshare
carrying moisture inland
Regular coastlines result in less land area coming into contact with the water.
Air masses
This is large/windspread body of air with uniform properties such as temperature and moisture
content.
As air mass moves over a region it affects the area it crosses over interms fo temperature and
moisture conditions
4×2=8
b.(i) Tropical savanna
 arid grasslands
 temperate grassland
 montane grassland
(ii) it consist of tall grass and widely spaced trees
Trees are shirt less than 20 metres in height
Trees are flat topped and form umbrella shape
trees shed their leaves during long dry season
most of the trees are Xerophitic
c (i) The frequent out break of bush fires that destroys grass retarding its regeneration
the increasing human population encroaching into grasslands replacing them with settlements
and cultivated land.
Frequent drought experienced in the country destroy the grass and the vegetation hence
degenerates into a semi desert type
3×2=6mks