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Computer-Mediated Communication Online Communities and the Symbolic Construction of Community Coye Cheshire & Andrew Fiore // 1 February 2012 Mailing List: [email protected] https://calmail.berkeley.edu/manage/list /listinfo/[email protected] 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 1 Final project schedule We will facilitate in-class group discussion of project ideas. A project description/report will be due halfway through the semester (e.g., midMarch) Final Projects will be presented and due as the single deliverable for the course. 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 2 More Final Project Examples! 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 3 A few examples of project types: Design, prototype or build a novel CMC system Experiment using a CMC system Analyze or visualize interaction in a CMC system Research a specific CMC system or domain of systems and collect empirical data (interviews, small survey, etc). Importantly, everyone should: (1) build on a strong theoretical foundation (2) use this foundation to justify the solution 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 4 Final Project Ideas Wiki: http://cmc2012.pbworks.com user: [email protected] pass: smallestbear 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 5 Wrap up from last week: self-presentation and deception 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 6 “The problem with 'The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life' and the use of it in the discussion of CMC and identity, is that his dramaturgical metaphors are manifested in analogue examples and not intended for being use online. This is evident when talking about backstage - at home with no physical presence of people – and this is most often where we are when commutating with other people online” -Morten “I wonder if sociologists like Goffman who write about basic human functions or interactions ever take a step back and wonder, as I often do, what exactly the value is that is being added. Do they question it?” -Monica 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 7 Results — Hancock et al. % of interactions involving a lie 37% 27% 21% 14% FtF 2/1/12 Phone Instant Email Message Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 8 Deception as an aspect of “Media Richness” Media ‘richness’ is only a singular dimension that may mask the complexity of choice, behavior and inference of purpose. Image: Time Barrow Dissertation Research, http://blog.timebarrow.com/2009/09/media-richness-theory/ 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 9 Other Dimensions: Synchronicity Recordability Distribution of Speaker/Listener 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 10 Feature-based approach Media features FtF Phone IM Synchronous X X X* Recordless X X X* X X X Distributed (not copresent) Email Lying predictions Feature-based 2 1 2 3 Media Richness 1 2 3 4 Social Distance 4 3 2 1 * Usually 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 11 Predictions based on features The more recordable the medium (papertrail), the less likely people are to lie. The more synchronous and distributed (but not recordable), the more lying will occur: Phone FtF IM Email Others? 2/1/12 most least Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 12 “It was surprising to me that a diary study about the mediums of deception found that participants lied most frequently on the phone. I would've thought that lying in emails, chat, or other forms of indirect communication where the two people can neither hear nor see each other is much more common than on the phone or face-to-face” - Wei “I don't agree that deception in person is as straightforward as he claims. While there are visual cues, body language and the ability to infer from your interaction, being able to judge deception F2F can be just as complex if there is no prior relationship or history with the other person” - Kristine 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 13 Detecting deception Most people are no better than chance Some markers: Higher pitch Microexpressions Certain body movements Use of language may differ Source: www.humintell.com “Motivation impairment effect” 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 14 Community 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 15 “Classic” Conception of Community (The Chicago School) “Organic Solidarity” 2/1/12 “Mechanical Solidarity” Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 16 The ‘Myths’ of Community Simplicity and F2F “…the anatomy of social life at the microlevel is more intricate, and no less revealing, than among … the macro-level” Egalitarianism “…community generates multitudinous means of making evaluative distinctions among its members, means of differentiating among them…” Inevitable Conformity “suggests that the outward spread of cultural influences from the centre will make communities … less like their former selves…[this assumes that] people are somehow passive in relation to culture: they receive it, transmit it, but do not create it.” 2/1/12 http://itawambahistory.blogspot.com/ Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 17 Community Boundaries 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 18 ingroup other, outgroup other, outgroup 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 19 Symbols and Community 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 20 Symbols versus Emblems, Signs 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 21 Cohen on symbolic words Justice, goodness, patriotism, duty, love, peace, life, purity, gender… “Their range of meanings can be glossed over in a commonly accepted symbol — precisely because it allows its adherents to attach their own meanings to it. They share the symbol, but do not necessarily share its meanings.” 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 22 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 23 from 37signals.com Symbolic meaning (and variation) within communities “Patriotism” 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 24 “ Symbols are effective because they are imprecise. … They are, therefore, ideal media through which people can speak a ‘common’ language, behave in apparently similar ways, participate in the ‘same’ rituals, pray to the ‘same’ gods, wear similar clothes, and so forth, without subordinating themselves to a tyranny of orthodoxy. Individuality and commonality are thus reconcilable. ” 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 25 Community Boundaries and Symbols “Symbols do not so much express meaning as give us the capacity to make meaning.” 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 26 Community Boundaries and Symbols Public face (symbolically simple) Private face (symbolically complex) 2/1/12 “ Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication ” 27 Cohen on subjectivity “But not all boundaries, and not all the components of any boundary, are so objectively apparent. They may be thought of, rather, as existing in the minds of their beholders. This being so, the boundary may be perceived in rather different terms, not only by people on opposite sides of it, but also by people on the same side.” — Cohen 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 28 Some questions to consider Examples of communities in CMC and the use of symbols? How does a community define its boundaries? If there have been times when those boundaries were violated, how did members respond? 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 29 http://xkcd.com/802/ 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 30 Community Boundaries Online: Facebook Newsfeed Fiasco of ‘06 “The point is, you're always presenting the identity you want to present - you never have to worry about the identity you used to present … This morning, millions of students were shown that they can't actually rewrite history. Everything they do, all of the groups they join and interests they state or friends they make - it is all being recorded.” (Fred Stutzman) 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 31 Brief History and What Makes an Online Community Anyway? Coye Cheshire & Andrew Fiore // The Beginnings of Online Community… The first large-scale online communities were Usenet discussion groups and forums - Developed around 1979 - No official structure 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 33 https://www.msu.edu/~atf/images/treemap_all.gif 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 34 What aspects define a community? Common practices? Network ties? Symbols? Poster to post ratio? 2/1/12 Affect-laden relationships? Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 36 Social networks and online community “Community emerges where the cumulative impact of interactions among individuals adds value above the level of pairwise interactions.” — Caroline Haythornthwaite 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 39 The network perspective People (nodes) Ties (edges) 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 40 Ties in a social network (as modeled in SN analysis) Directed or undirected Simplex or multiplex Valued or unvalued 7 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 41 Network approach to community Examines interconnections to discover where groups exist rather than determining a priori that a group exists based on external criteria. But is this a community? Or “an alliance, a collaborative work group, a collective, a cohort”? 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 42 Social networks and Social Capital Accumulate capital Social capital Knowledge capital Communion … all achieved through network ties? 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 43 The power of social capital and the structure of social networks 1+1=2 1 + 1 > 2? 2 + 2 > 4? Fully connected network: N people, N(N-1)/2 ties Connections grow at a much faster rate (quadratic vs. linear) Bridge 6 + 6 > 12? 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 44 Anonymity and Behavior in Online Groups and Communities Photo Attribution: http://mimanifesto.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/anonymous1.jpg 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 45 Anonymity, Pseudonymity, and Identity 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 46 Shyness and Anonymity 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 47 Aggressiveness and Anonymity 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 48 Group Dynamics and Anonymity Influence Leadership Status Power 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 49 Finding Community 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 50 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — ComputerMediated Communication 51 Online communities are neither built nor do they just emerge, they evolve organically and change over time. Developers cannot control online community development but they can influence it. Jenny Preece 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 52 For next Wednesday… Privacy and information control Mayer-Schonberger, V. (2009) "Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age". Princeton University Press. (In reader.) Boyd, D., and Hargittai, E. Facebook Privacy Settings: Who Cares?. In First Monday 15(8). Cheshire, C., Antin, J. and Churchill, E. (2010) Behaviors, Adverse Events and Dispositions: An Empirical Study of Online Discretion and Information Control. In Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61(7). Remember to write your reviews! 2/1/12 Cheshire & Fiore — Computer-Mediated Communication 53