Download Spring Final Review Guide

Biology Cumulative Final
Review Topics
2008-2009
I. Test Topics
A. Chapter 1 and Scientific Method
B. Chapter 2 Biochemistry
C. Chapter 7 Cells and mitosis
D. Energy Unit
1. Ch. 8 photosynthesis
2. Ch. 9 cell respiration
3. Ch. 8&9
3. Ch. 3-2
E. Ch. 12 DNA & RNA
F. Ch. 13 Genetic engineering
G. Chapter 11 Genetics
H. Chapter 15 Evolution
I. Chapter 16 Populations
J. Chapter 17. 1 Fossil Record
K. Chapter 3, 4, 5 Ecology
L. Chapter 18 classification
M. Chapter 35 Nervous system
N. Chapter 36 Skeletal, muscle, integumentary
O. Chapter 37 Circulatory and respiratory
P. Chapter 38 Digestive and Excretory
Q. Chapter 40 Immune System
II. Topics by Chapter
Chapter 1
Scientific Method – independent, dependent, standard variables, hypothesis,
conclusions, inferences, types of observations, theory
Parts of a controlled experiment
Characteristics of living things, homeostasis, metabolism
Chapter 2
Parts of the atom, bonding: ionic, covalent, hydrogen, polar covalent
Characteristics of water
Acids and Bases, pH values
Carbohydrates
Glucose: monosaccharides, polysaccharides
Amino acids as building blocks (monomers) of proteins
Organic compounds as a source of energy of living things
Enzymes: activation energy, catalyst, characteristics
Chapter 7
Cell Theory
Cell membrane structure and function
Eukaryotes, prokaryote characteristics
Eukaryotic cell organelles: structure and function
Mitosis
Levels of organization in multi-cellular organisms
Energy Unit: Chapter 8, Chapter 9 and Chapter 3-2
Relate photosynthesis and cellular respiration – how they are similar and
different.
Word equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Chloroplasts: structure and function,
Mitochondria: structure and function
Electron transport chain-oxygen is used to pick up electrons and forms H2O
Source of energy on surface of planet
Food chain, food web: producer, consumers, detritivores, decomposers,
autotroph, heterotroph, trohic levels, energy and food pyramids
community, population
energy flow in heterotrophic cells (eukaryotic cells) starts with food,
then ATP then cell work
Chemosynthesis
ATP, ADP structure and function
Chapter 12
DNA: structure, function, replication, % of base pairs, base pair rules
RNA: structure, function, types
Transcription, translation, codon charts
Gene regulation: specialized cells (liver cells, blood cells etc.) regulate which
genes are expressed because they do not need certain proteins
specified by certain genes. Example: heart muscle cells do not need to
make liver enzymes even though they contain the DNA to do so.
Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering
Restriction enzymes; see figure 13-5 on page 322
Cell Transformation: transgenic bacteria see page 327
Chapter 11
Stages of meiosis, Mendel’s law of inheritance, alleles, genes, probability using
a Punnett Square, independent assortment, random mating, crossing over,
incomplete dominance, codominance, Polygenetic inheritance, multiple alleles
Mendel’s pea plants and P generation, F1 and F2 generation, pure breeding
plants for crosses, principal of dominance,
Evolution: Chapters 15, 16 and 17.1
Darwin’s theory of natural selection, inheritance of acquired characteristics,
adaptations, fitness, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive
selection, genetic drift, temporal isolation, geographic isolation, behavior isolation
genetic equilibrium, mutations, The Galapagos Island finches and how they
relate to Darwin’s research, the work of James Hutton Charles Lyell and Lamarck
Title of Darwin’s book, gene pool (allele frequency), speciation
Ecology: Chapter 3, 4 and 5
Ecosystem organization, primary and secondary succession, compare flow of
and nutrients, Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon cycle, Biomes that are in the book
(basic facts)
Symbiosis: mutualism. Commensalism, parasitism,
Competition: limiting factors, density dependent factors, niches, niche
partitioning, effect of competition on populations and individuals
Populations: density, dispersion, range, growth: increase/decrease,
Growth curves: J curve/ logistics, S curve, carrying capacity, growth beyond
Carrying capacity
Classification Chapter 18
Cladograms see pages 452 and 453
Homo sapiens on the only living member of the gene
Body Systems Chapters
Chapter 35: Nervous System
The central nervous system is made up primarily of the brain and spinal columne
The parts of the brain: 1. cerebrum: learning, intelligence and judgment
2. Cerebellum: coordinates and balances the actions of the
Muscles
3. Brain stem: connects the brain and the spinal cord
Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system: See figure 35-5 on page
897. Know the parts of a neuron and their function
The resting potential of a neuron means that the concentration of Na ions is
greater outside the cell than inside
When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron neurotransmitters are released
See figure 35-8 page 900
Sensory receptors are found in many places, those sensitive to chemicals
are found in the nose and taste buds of the tongue, which is why we smell
smells and taste food.
Homeostasis is maintained several ways: 1.regulating body temperature using a
negative feedback loop
Chapter 36: Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
Integumentary system includes: skin, hair and nails
A muscle contraction is when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide
over the thick filaments. Pg 928
Chapter 37: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Pathway of blood flow through the heart: study diagram 37-2 pg. 944
Red blood cells transport oxygen. If you don’t have enough red blood cell
you will have trouble getting oxygen to your cells
Air is forced into your lungs when your diaphragm contracts
Chapter 38: Digestive and Excretory systems
The parts of the excretory system includes: the kidneys, the ureter and the
urinary bladder
Collection of urine study figure 38-17 and read 987
Kidneys help maintain homeostasis by controlling what leaves the body and
what is reabsorbed: for example if there is too much salt in the blood the
kidneys respond by return less salt to the blood.
Chapter 40: The Immune System and Disease
The germ theory of disease states that disease is caused by
microorganisms.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
Pathogens are disease causing agents, examples are viruses, bacteria
some protists and some worms
Vaccines provide protection against the disease by stimulating the body
To make specific antibodies.
Defense against disease is divided in nonspecific and specific defenses
Nonspecific defenses include: skin, mucus, sweat and tears. The
most important is the skin.
Specific include the humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
Humoral immunity uses antibodies pg. 1038
Cell-mediated immunity uses helper T cells pg. 1040
HIV spreads through the body because it replicates inside of the
cells of the immune system