Download EVO109 Which is not a point mutation category? Frameshift Silent

EVO109
1. Which is not a point mutation category?
a. Frameshift
b. Silent (aka Synonymous)
c. Copy number mutation
d. “Indel”
2. The Molecular Clock can:
a. Determine the number of mutations
b. Describe mutation rate and its relationship to species divergence
c. Accurately determine relatedness of all species
3. Which (one) is NOT an assumption of Hardy – Weinberg
a. No selection present
b. Population size is infinite
c. Gene flow present
d. No mutation
e. No migration
4. The Wahlund effect
a. Supports the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
b. Describes two distinct populations
c. Describes non-random mating
d. Describes two distinct populations that disturb H-W equilibrium by reuniting
e. Is an example of inbreeding
5. p + q = 1 means:
a. The A1 and all the A2 alleles meet H-W equilibrium
b. Sum of the A1 and A2 allele frequencies at a locus equals 1 (aka 100%)
c. A1 and all the A2 are out of H-W equilibrium
d. A1 and all the A2 frequencies are increasing
6. Write 2 questions you had on this week’s paper below
Concepts for the week
Selecting the best tree using bootstrapping
Point mutations
Transition (G to A & C to T) vs transversions
Kumura model of rate of transitions to transversions
Indel (result in frameshift mutation)
Wobble position (3rd base pair in codon) has more mutations
Many more changes in introns than exons
Molecular clock (using exons)
Synonymous (silent) substitution (base pair does not change amino acid) vs non-synonomous
Copy-number mutation (unequal crossing-over creates gene copy)
Allele frequency (p to q) vs genotype frequency (AA to Aa to aa)
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Allows you to determine if a population is evolving or if two populations are different
Gives predicted homozygote to heterozygote prop based on allele freq
Wahlund Effect
Two populations get together that have long been separated and are not in HWE
Inbreeding results in greater number of homozygotes than expected
However, the allelic frequency does not change, the genotype does
Selective sweep
Adaptive landscape (peaks are high fitness, troughs are low)
Effect of mutation vs migration on genotype frequency change
Mutation plays small part
Migration (island-continent theory) plays much larger part
Both of these contribute to diversity for natural selection to play out on
Paper (Fry et al 2006 Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes. Nature)
Reptiles have evolved venom systems (advances snakes, Gila Monster & Bearded Lizard)
Evolution of venom in snakes allowed adaptive radiation (2500 of 3000 spp)
9 toxin types are shared between lizards and snakes
Ancestral species (Iguanians) have venom glands on top & bottom jaw
Derived species have venom on only top (snakes) or lower (anguimorphs) jaw
This paper suggest that venom system is a synapomorphy, not convergent evolution
Venom causes drop in blood pressure
Venom may have allowed diversification in lizards as well as snakes
Fossil data shows that venom may have arose 200mya as a synapomorphy
As opposed to 100mya, assuming convergent evolution
Discussion questions
This paper gives an example of phylogenetic inference using a single anatomical
characteristic. What other anatomical features could be used to build phylogenies?