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AQA Knowledge test Unit 1 Chemistry C1
C1.1 The fundamental Ideas in Chemistry C1.1.1 Atoms 1. What is an atom? 2. What is an element? 3. Match the name of the element with the symbol Element Symbol Oxygen O
Sodium Na
HYDROGEN H
LITHIUM Li
Copper Cu
Potassium K
ARGON Ar
CALCIUM Ca
4. Draw and label the structure of an atom. Ensure that you include the following key words: Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons 5. Complete the table below Name of Particle Proton Neutron Electron Charge + NO CHARGE
‐ Mass 1
1
NEGLIGIBLE 6. Why do atoms have no overall electrical charge? 7. What does the atomic number tell you? 8. What does the mass number tell you? 9. Copy and complete the table Element Symbol Atomic Mass Number Number Number Number Number of of of Protons Neutrons Electrons Hydrogen H
1 1
1
0 1
HELIUM He
2 4
4
2 2
LITHIUM Li
3 7
3
4 3
BERYLLIUM Be
4 9
4
5 4
BORON B
5 11
5
6 5
10.Draw diagrams to show the electronic structure of the elements above. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.1.2 The Periodic Table 1. Complete the table Group Number Number of Electrons in Outer Energy Level (Shell) 1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
0 8
2. What is a period? 3. Why do elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar properties? Same number of electrons in their outer shell. 4. Describe the reaction of alkali metals with water. Lithium, sodium and potassium all react vigorously with water. metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen 5. What happens to the reactivity of group 1 metals as you go down the group? It increases. 6. Label each of the group of the periodic table below. 7. Why are the elements in group 0 (the noble gases) are very unreactive? They have a full outer shell. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.1.3 Chemical Reactions For the chemical reaction: 1. Write the word equation Identify how many of each element there is in each compound CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate – 1 calcium, 1 carbon and 3 oxygens. Calcium oxide – 1 calcium and 1 oxygen Carbondioxide – 1 carbon and two oxygens. 2. What is an ion? A charged particle. 3. What type of bonding occurs between: a. Metal and non‐metals? Ionic bonding b. Two non‐metals? Covalent bonding 4. Complete the table about forming ions: Metal/Non‐metal Gain/Lose Electrons?
Metal lose
Non‐Metal Positive/Negative Ion?
+ gain
‐ 5. Draw a diagram showing the bonding between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride. 6. Draw a diagram to show how hydrogen and oxygen bond together to form H2O. O
H
H
PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.2 Limestone and Building Materials C1.2.1 Calcium Carbonate 1. What is limestone made from? Calcium Carbonate 2. How do you get limestone out of the ground? By quarrying. 3. What is limestone used for? Used as a building material. It is also used in the chemical industry and for cosmetics. 4. What is thermal decomposition? Breaking down of a chemical by heating. 5. Write the word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. CaCO3  CaO + CO2 Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide 6. What happens to magnesium carbonate, copper carbonate, zinc carbonate when they are heated? They thermally decompose. 7. Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when calcium oxide reacts with water. What can the product be used for? CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 Calcium oxide + Water Calcium hydroxide 8. What can you use to rest for Carbon Dioxide? What would a positive test be? Limewater, it goes cloudy/milky 9. What happens to limestone statues when exposed to acid rain? They react with the acid and dissolve. 10.Complete the following: 11.Limestone + Heat + Clay = CEMENT 12.Cement + Sand = MORTAR 13.Cement + Sand + Aggregate = CONCRETE 14.List the advantages of a limestone quarry. Provide jobs Lead to improved roads Filled in to make fishing When empty used as landfill sites PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 15.List the disadvantages of a limestone quarry. Destroys habitats Increased emissions Noisy & Dusty Busier roads C1.3 Metals and Their Uses C1.3.1 Extracting Metals 1. What is an ore? A metal compound within a rock. 2. Explain why it is possible to find gold in the Earth as a metal. It is unreactive. 3. What does the reactivity series show us? The order of the reactivity of metals . 4. List the metals in the reactivity series, in the correct order. Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Lead Copper Silver Gold 5. Where is carbon in the reactivity series? Between aluminium and zinc. 6. Describe the two ways carbon is extracted from copper rich ores. 1. Smelting: Heat copper ore in a furnace with air. Then use electrolysis to purify the copper. Expensive as needs lots of heat and power. 2. Copper Sulphate: Add sulphuric acid to a copper ore. Produces copper sulphate. Extract copper using electrolysis or displacement. 7. What is electrolysis? In a solution or molten compound when electricity is passed through it positive metal ions move towards the negative electrode. Negative non‐
metal ions move towards the positive electrode. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 8. What is phytomining? Using plants to absorb copper from low grade ores. 9. What is bioleaching? Using bacteria to feed on low grade ores. They produce a waste that contains copper ions. 10.Why are these processes important? They can extract copper from low grade ores so that less mining of ores is needed. 11.How can carbon be used to extract a metal from its ore? Carbon removes (REDUCES) the oxygen from the ores when it is heated with it. 12.What method do we use to extract more reactive metals such as aluminium? Electrolysis. 13.What methods do we use to extract less reactive metals that carbon? Reduction. 14.List some properties and uses of Aluminium. Light, Low density, Oxide layer on the surface prevents corrosion. 15.Why is aluminium expensive? Expensive to process – need lots of heat and electricity. 16.List some properties of uses of Titanium. Strong, Oxide layer on the surface prevents corrosion, High melting point – so can be used at high temperatures, Less dense than most metals. 17.Why is titanium expensive? Expensive – lots of steps involved to process and needs lots of heat and electricity. 18.Why is it important that we recycle metals? Reduces energy needed to process from ore, less pollution due to burning of fossil fuels. Less disruption to the landscape or habitats. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.3.2 Alloys 1. What impact do impurities have on the properties of iron when it comes from the blast furnace? The impurities make it brittle and so it has limited uses. 2. What is steel? An alloy of carbon and iron. 3. What are the properties of high carbon steel? Very hard. 4. What are the properties of low carbon steel? Easily shaped. 5. What are the properties of stainless steel? Resistant to corrosion. 6. Why do we convert copper, gold, iron and aluminium into alloys? In their pure forms they are very soft. C1.3.3 Properties and uses of metals 1. Where in the periodic table are the transition metals? Middle section. 2. What is malleable? Can be bent into a shape. 3. What properties of copper make it good for electrical wiring? Very good conductor of electricity and not very reactive. 4. What properties of copper make it good for plumbing? 5. Easily bent into shape and not very reactive. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.4 Crude Oil and Fuels C1.4.1 Crude Oil 1. What is crude oil? A mixture of lots of different compounds. Formed from dead sea creatures over millions of years. 2. What is a hydrocarbon? A compound made of hydrogen and carbon. 3. What is an alkane? Hydrocarbons with single C‐C bonds. 4. Give the general formula of an alkane. CnH2n+2. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons Complete the following table Alkane Number of Number of Carbons Hydrogens Methane 1
4
Formula
Structure CH4
Ethane 2
6
C2H6
Propane 3
8
C3H8
1. What is fractional distillation? Heating crude oil to separate it into hydrocarbon/ fractions with different boiling points. 2. What is a boiling point? When a liquid turns into a gas 3. Where do substances with high boiling points condense in the fractionating column? Towards the bottom 4. Where do substances with low boiling points condense in the fractionating column? Towards the top 5. How does the length of the carbon chain affect the following: 6. Boiling point Longer chain higher boiling point, shorter chain lower boiling point 7. Viscosity (how it flows) Longer chain more viscous, shorter chain less viscous 8. Flammability Longer chain higher less flammable, shorter chain more flammable PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels 1. Complete the following equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 2. What gas is produced when there is not enough oxygen for a fuel to burn? Carbon monoxide 3. Name 3 impurities produced when fossil fuels burn and state why they are harmful. Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide Particulates Poisonous gas It’s acidic Causes acid rain Causes engine corrosion Poisonous
Trigger asthma attacks Can cause acid rain Tiny solid particles
Contain carbon and un burnt hydrocarbon, Carried in the air Damage cells in our lungs 4. Describe the causes and effects of global warming. Global Warming: Caused by carbon dioxide, causing the average global temperature to increase 5. Describe the causes and effects of global dimming Global Dimming: Caused by particulates, reflect sunlight back into space. Not as much light gets through to the Earth 6. How are biofuels produced? By growing plants that can be burned or processed to make fuels or by using waste from plants or animals to burn as fuels. 7. How does sulfur in fuel cause acid rain? When the fuel burns the sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide, this then dissolves in rain water to produce sulfuric acid. 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel as a fuel? Biodiesel Advantages
Biodiesel Disadvantages
Less harmful to animals, Reduces particulates, ‘CO2 neutral’ – plants grown to create it absorb Large areas of farmland required, Less food produced  Famine
Destruction of habitats
Freezes at low temps
the same amount of CO2 generated when it’s burnt
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol as a fuel? Ethanol fuel: ADVANTAGES: Easily made by fermenting sugar cane, Gives off CO2 but the sugar cane it comes from absorbs CO2 when growing. DISADVANTAGES: Large areas of farmland required, Less food produced as people use it for fuel instead! PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards C1.5 Other Useful Substances from Crude Oil C1.5.1 Obtaining useful substances from crude oil 1. What is cracking and why is it necessary? Cracking – this is when a large alkane is turned into a smaller alkane and an alkene. More demand for smaller, more useful hydrocarbons 2. Describe the process of cracking. Long chain alkanes are heated with a catalyst. 3. What is an alkene? A hydrocarbon with at least 1 double bond 4. What is the general formula for an alkene? CnH2n 5. What happens when alkenes react with bromine water? The bromine water changes from orange to colourless. 6. Complete the table. Alkene Number of Number of Formula
Structure Carbons Hydrogens Ethene 2 4
C2H4
Propene 3 6
C3H6
C1.5.2 Polymers 1. Draw a diagram representing the process of polymerisation of ethene. Label the following: Monomers Polymer
PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 2. Describe the process of polymerisation. Many small alkane molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers). This happens at very high pressure and temperature. 3. What uses do we have for polymers? Plastics e.g. Polymer Typical use
polythene plastic bags and bottles polypropene crates and ropes
polychloroethene water pipes and insulation on electricity cables 4. Why is it important to recycle polymers? They are mainly made from a non‐renewable resource (crude oil) and many are not biodegradable. 5. What are biodegradable plastics? Biodegradable Plastics: Plastics that break down easily. Corn‐starch are built into the plastic. Microorganisms in soil feed on corn‐starch. This breaks the plastic down. 6. Name and describe 3 smart polymers. Light‐Sensitive Plasters Hydrogels
Shape memory Top layer of plaster peeled back. Lower layer now exposed to light. Adhesive loses stickiness Peels easily off the skin. Have cross‐linking chains That traps water. Act as wound dressings. Let body heal. Good for burns Wound is stitched loosely. Temp of the body makes the thread tighten. Closes the wound up C1.5.3 Ethanol 1. What are the two methods of producing ethanol? Hydration of ethene and fermentation with yeast 2. Write the word equations for each method. Ethanol can be made by Fermentation Sugar + Yeast  Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide Ethanol can also be made by hydration (Adding water to) ethene Ethene + Steam  Ethanol PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Fermentation
Hydration
Uses corn, sugar cane (renewable resources).
Uses crude oil, which is a non‐renewable resource.
Is a batch process, which needs a lot of workers
Is a continuous process so is less labour intensive
Produces impure ethanol, and is purified by distillation
Produces pure ethanol
o
Needs a temperature of 30‐40 C
Is a slow reaction
Needs a temperature of
o
300 C and high pressure
Is a fast reaction
4. List some uses of ethanol. Alcoholic drinks, fuel, solvent, deodorants, medicine, perfumes C1.6 Plant Oils and Their Uses C1.6.1 Vegetable Oils 1. What steps are required to extract oils from fruits, seeds and nuts? • Farmers collect seeds from plants • Seeds are crushed and pressed, then the oil extracted • Impurities are removed • Oil is processed to make it into a useful product 2. How is lavender oil extracted? • Plants are put into water and boiled • Oil and water evaporate together • Oil is collected as the liquids separate 3. Why are vegetable oils important foods? Provide important nutrients (e.g. vitamin E), Contain lots of energy  can be used as fuels C1.6.3 Emulsions 1. What is an emulsifier? Stop water and oil separating out into layers Improve texture and taste of foods containing fats and oils. Makes them more palatable (tasty) and tempting to eat! PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 2. What is an emulsion? Where oil and water are dispersed (spread out) in each other. 3. Why are emulsions useful? Improve texture and taste of foods containing fats and oils. Makes them more palatable (tasty) and tempting to eat! 4. Higher Tier – What is meant by hydrophobic and hydrophilic? Hydrophobic – repelled by water. Has a positive charge. Hydrophilic – is attracted to water. Has a negative charge. C1.6.3 Saturated and Unsaturated Oils 1. How do you test for the presence of a double bond? Add bromine water if there is a double bond the orange bromine water will go colourless 2. The presence of a double bond means that oil is Saturated or unsaturated? Unsaturated Higher Tier – How can unsaturated oils be hardened? Describe the properties of the product. Reacting vegetable oils with hydrogen hardens them  increases melting points
Makes them solid at room temperature  makes them into spreads!
Double bonds converted to single bonds C=C  C‐C
Now called a hydrogenated oils
o
Reaction occurs at 60 C with a nickel catalyst
C1.7 Changes in the Earth and its Atmosphere C1.7.1 The Earth’s Crust 1. Label a copy of the diagram above to show the atmosphere, core, mantle and crust. Core: Made of nickel and iron
Atmosphere: Most lies within Outer core is liquid 10km of the surface, Rest is Inner core is solid within 100km but it’s hard to Radius is 3500km judge! Mantle: Behaves like a solid
Crust: Solid, 6km beneath Can flow very slowly oceans,35km beneath land Is about 3000km deep! PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 2. Where do earthquakes and volcanoes occur? They occur where plate boundaries meet 3. What are tectonic plates? The Earth’s crust is split into sections called tectonic plates 4. What is a plate boundary? The edges of the tectonic plates where they meet 5. What was Wegener’s theory? Continental drift 6. What evidence did he have? Wegener’s evidence for continental drift: The same types of fossilised animals and plants are found in South America and Africa. The shape of the east coast of South America fits the west coast of Africa, like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. Matching rock formations and mountain chains are found in South America and Africa 7. What is Pangea? Scientists think they were once one large land mass called Pangea, which then broke off into smaller chunks C1.7.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 1. Draw a table to show the proportions of Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Gas Formula
%
Nitrogen
N2
80
Oxygen
O2
20
Carbon dioxide
CO2
0.04
What was responsible for the formation of the Earth’s early atmosphere and provided the water that formed the oceans? Volcanoes kept erupting giving out Steam and CO2 What process produced the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere? Green plants, bacteria and algae photosynthesised in the oceans What happened to a lot of the carbon dioxide that was in the air? It was locked into fossil fuels over millions of years What human activities have caused a change in our atmosphere? The burning of fossil fuels in the past few centuries PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards 6. Higher Tier – What process could be used to separate the mixture of gases that makes up air? Fractional distillation 7. What did Miller‐Ureys experiment find out? Compounds for life on Earth came from reactions involving hydrocarbons 8. What is a primodial soup? Complex chemicals needed for living things to develop could be found naturally on the early Earth 9. What are 3 other theories for the beginning of life on earth? • Molecules for life (amino acids) came on meteorites from out of space. • Actual living organisms themselves arrived on meteorites. • Biological molecules were released from deep ocean vents. PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards