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ERT 455
MANUFACTURING & PRODUCTION OF
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT
LECTURES:
CIK MUNIRA BT MOHAMED NAZARI
PROF. MADYA DR. DACHYAR ARBAIN
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Teaching Plan
What is Manufacturing?
What is Production means?
Example of Biological Products.
Introduction to Engineering Calculation
– Basic principles
– Units of operations
– Conservation of mass
– Material balances
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Manufacturing??
“ Is the process of converting raw materials into
products; it encompasses the design and
manufacturing of goods using various production
methods and techniques.”
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Production??
Production is a process of converting
inputs into outputs.
Process layout (flowsheet), process unit spec,
operating variable
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Biological
Product
Biological products or in others term Bioproducts or bio-based products are
materials, chemicals and energy derived from renewable biological domestic
agricultural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials). Biological
resources include agriculture, forestry, and biologically-derived waste, and there are
many other renewable bioresource examples.
Some examples of agricultural resources that make up many biobased products
include: soybeans, corn, kenaf, and numerous other types of crops that are
harvested. Current applications of these agricultural resources create products such
as ethanol (corn-based), soy candles, soy-based lubricants, kenaf office paper, and
bioplastics.
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INTRODUCTION
TO
ENGINEERING
CALCULATIONS
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Many problems that arise in
connection with the design of new
process or the analysis of an existing
one are of a certain type of given
amounts and properties of the raw
materials, calculate amounts and
properties of the products; or vice
versa.
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BASIC PRINCIPLES
• CONVERSION OF UNITS
• SYSTEMS OF UNITS
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CONVERSION OF UNITS
• A measured quantity can be expressed in
terms of any units having the appropriate
dimension.
• Example: Velocity - may be expressed in unit
of ft/s, miles/hr, cm/yr or any other ratio of a
length unit to a time unit.
• The equivalence between two expressions of
the same quantity may be defined in terms of
a ratio or conversion factors.
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• Example:
1 cm
( 1 centimeter per 10 milimeters )
10 mm
10 mm
( 10 milimeters per 1 centimeter )
1 cm
2
2
10
mm
100
mm


 1 cm   1 cm 2
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Conversion
Factor
A ratio of equivalent values of a quantity
expressed in different units.
To convert a quantity expressed in terms of
one unit to its equivalent in terms of another
unit by multiply the given quantity by the
conversion factor (new unit/old unit).
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• Example:
– To convert 36 mg to its equivalent unit in grams
(g).
1g
(36 mg )  (
)  0.036 g
1000 mg
–
Multiplication symbol
or
36 mg
1g
= 0.036 g
1000 mg
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Vertical line
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• Example:
– Convert an acceleration of 1 cm/s2 to its
equivalent in km/h2.
Answer = 129.6 km/h 2
– Convert 554 m4/(day.kg) to cm4 /(min.g).
Answer = 3.85 x 104 cm4 /min.g
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SYSTEMS OF UNITS
• The official international system of units is SI.
– Kilogram-meter-second
– Older systems of units
• centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system and footpound-second (fps) system.
• A system of units has the following
components;
– Base units – length, mass, time
– Multiple units – mega, kilo, centi, mili
– Derived units – volume, force, pressure, energy
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FORCE AND WEIGHT
• According to Newton’s second law of motion,
force is proportional to the product of mass
and acceleration (length/time2 ). In SI,
Derived force units
1 newton (N) =1 kg.m/s2
Natural force units
• Equation above define conversion factors
between natural and derived force units.
• Example:
– The force in newtons required to accelerate a
mass of 4 kg at a rate of 9 m/s2 is 36 N.
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FORCE AND WEIGHT
• The weight of an object is an object of mass
(m) is subjected to a gravitational force W.
W = mg,
g = 9.81 m/s2 or 32.174 ft/s2 (at sea level)
Test yourself,
Suppose an object weights 9.8 N at sea level. What
is its mass? Would its mass be greater, less, or the
same on the moon? How about its weight?
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OTHERS DIMENSIONS UNIT
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VELOCITY = length travelled per unit time
ACCELERATION = rate of change of velocity
PRESSURE = force per unit area
DENSITY = mass per unit volume
ENERGY = force x length
POWER = energy per unit time
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UNITS OF OPERATIONS
• Unit operation is a basic step in a process.
• In chemical/process/food engineering, unit operations are
largely used to conduct the primarily physical steps of
preparing the reactants, separating and purifying the
products, recycling unconverted reactants, and controlling
the energy transfer into or out of the chemical reactor.
• For example, in milk processing, homogenization,
pasteurization, chilling, and packaging are each unit
operations which are connected to create the overall
process.
• A process may have many unit operations to obtain the
desired product.
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• Chemical engineering unit operations consist of
five classes:
– Fluid flow processes, including fluids transportation, filtration,
solids fluidization.
– Heat transfer processes, including evaporation, condensation.
– Mass transfer processes, including gas absorption, distillation,
extraction, adsorption, drying.
– Thermodynamic processes, including gas liquefaction,
refrigeration.
– Mechanical processes, including solids transportation, crushing
and pulverization, screening and sieving.
• Chemical engineering unit operations also fall in
the following categories:
– Combination (mixing)
– Separation (distillation)
– Reaction (chemical reaction)
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• Important unit operations in the food industry are;
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fluid flow,
heat transfer,
drying,
evaporation,
contact equilibrium processes (which include
distillation, extraction, gas absorption, crystallization,
and membrane processes),
– mechanical separations (which include filtration,
centrifugation, sedimentation and sieving),
– size reduction and
– mixing.
.
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• Two very important laws which all unit operations
obey are the laws of conservation of mass and
energy.
• MASS
– The mass of an object is a fundamental property of the
object; a numerical measure of its inertia; a fundamental
measure of the amount of matter in the object.
• ENERGY OF A SYSTEM
– 3 components
• Kinetic energy
• Potential energy
• Internal energy
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CONSERVATION OF MASS
• The law of conservation of mass states that
mass can neither be created nor destroyed.
• Thus in a processing plant, the total mass of
material entering the plant must equal the
total mass of material leaving the plant, less
any accumulation left in the plant. If there is
no accumulation, then the simple rule holds
that "what goes in must come out".
• Similarly all material entering a unit operation
must in due course leave.
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INPUT
OUTPUT
PROCESS UNIT
mout (kg)
min (kg)
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• For example, if milk is being fed into a centrifuge to
separate it into skim milk and cream, under the law of
conservation of mass the total number of kilograms of
material (milk) entering the centrifuge per minute must
equal the total number of kilograms of material (skim milk
and cream) that leave the centrifuge per minute.
•
Similarly, the law of conservation of mass applies to each
component in the entering materials. For example,
considering the butter fat in the milk entering the
centrifuge, the weight of butter fat entering the centrifuge
per minute must be equal to the weight of butter fat leaving
the centrifuge per minute. A similar relationship will hold for
the other components, proteins, milk sugars and so on.
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• The law of conservation of energy states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
• The total energy in the materials entering the
processing plant, plus the energy added in
the plant, must equal the total energy leaving
the plant.
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• This is a more complex concept than the
conservation of mass, as energy can take various
forms such as kinetic energy, potential energy,
heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy
and so on.
• During processing, some of these forms of
energy can be converted from one to another.
• Examples:
– Mechanical energy in a fluid can be converted through
friction into heat energy.
– Chemical energy in food is converted by the human
body into mechanical energy.
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• For example, consider the pasteurizing process for milk, in which milk
is pumped through a heat exchanger and is first heated and then
cooled. The energy can be considered either over the whole plant or
only as it affects the milk. For total plant energy, the balance must
include: the conversion in the pump of electrical energy to kinetic and
heat energy, the kinetic and potential energies of the milk entering
and leaving the plant and the various kinds of energy in the heating
and cooling sections,as well as the exiting heat, kinetic and potential
energies.
• To the food technologist, the energies affecting the product are the
most important. In the case of the pasteurizer, the energy affecting
the product is the heat energy in the milk. Heat energy is added to the
milk by the pump and by the hot water passing through the heat
exchanger. Cooling water then removes part of the heat energy and
some of the heat energy is also lost to the surroundings.
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• The heat energy leaving in the milk must equal the heat
energy in the milk entering the pasteurizer plus or minus
any heat added or taken away in the plant.
• Example:
Heat energy
leaving in milk
=
initial heat energy
+ heat energy added by pump
+ heat energy added in heating
section
- heat energy taken out in
cooling section
- heat energy lost to
surroundings.
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• The law of conservation of energy can also apply to part
of a process.
• For example in milk production,
– considering the heating section of the heat exchanger in the
pasteurizer
Unit operation
Heat lost by
the hot water
=
Heat gained by the milk
+
Heat lost from the heat
exchanger to its surroundings
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• From these laws of conservation of mass and energy, a
balance sheet for materials and for energy can be drawn
up at all times for a unit operation. These are called
material balances and energy balances.
• Using a material balance and an energy balance, a
engineering process can be viewed overall or as a series
of units. Each unit is a unit operation. The unit operation
can be represented by a box as shown below.
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NEXT CLASS
How to write material balances
for a process system
How to write energy balances
for a process system
Exercises on material and
energy balances
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To be continue…
THANK YOU
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