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Lecture Presentation Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Karen C. Timberlake General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis A histology technician studies the microscopic make-up of tissues, cells, and bodily fluids with the purpose of detecting and identifying the presence of a specific disease. They determine blood types and the concentrations of drugs and other substances in the blood. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Readiness Core Chemistry Skills • Forming Amides (18.5) • Drawing the Zwitterion for an Amino Acid (19.1) • Identifying the Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures of Proteins (19.4, 19.5) • Identifying Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (20.3) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids The general structure of a nucleotide includes a • nitrogen-containing base. • sugar. • phosphate group. Learning Goal Describe the bases and ribose sugars that make up the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleic Acids There are two types of nucleic acids: • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which may contain several million nucleotides, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which may contain several thousand nucleotides. • both are unbranched polymers of repeating monomer units known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three components: • a base that contains nitrogen. • a five-carbon sugar. • a phosphate group. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bases The bases in DNA and RNA are • derivatives of the heterocyclic amines pyrimidine or purine. • pyrimidines with a single ring containing two nitrogen atoms. • purines with two rings, each containing two nitrogen atoms. • H+ acceptors at the nitrogen atoms in each base. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bases in DNA In DNA, • the purine bases with double rings are adenine (A) and guanine (G). • the pyrimidine bases with single rings are cytosine (C) and thymine (T). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bases in RNA In RNA, • the purine bases with double rings are adenine (A) and guanine (G). • the pyrimidine bases with single rings are cytosine (C) and uracil (U). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Pentose Sugars The five-carbon sugar • in RNA is ribose. • in DNA is deoxyribose, with no O atom on C2′. • has carbon atoms numbered with primes to distinguish them from the atoms in the bases. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleosides A nucleoside • is composed of a nitrogen-containing base and a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose. • has a base linked by a β-N-glycosidic bond to C1′ of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleotides • A nucleotide has a phosphate group attached to the C5′ — OH group of a nucleoside. • The addition of a phosphate to a nucleoside forms a nucleotide. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleotides of DNA and RNA General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of the Components in DNA and RNA General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Nucleosides and Nucleotides • The name of a nucleoside that contains a purine ends with osine. • The name of a nucleoside that contains a pyrimidine ends with idine. • The names of DNA nucleosides add deoxy to the beginning of their names. • The corresponding nucleotides in RNA and DNA are named by adding monophosphate to the end of the nucleoside name. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. RNA, DNA Nucleosides and Nucleotides General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. AMP, ADP, and ATP • Adding a phosphate group to AMP forms the diphosphate, ADP. • Adding a phosphate group to ADP forms the triphosphate, ATP. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Study Check Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base and sugar: General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Solution Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base and sugar: Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) Base: guanine Sugar: ribose General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.