Download 1 Carbohydrates GOB Structures

Lecture Presentation
Chapter 15
Carbohydrates
Karen C. Timberlake
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15 Carbohydrates
Diabetes nurses help patients
• learn to monitor their
medication and blood
sugar levels.
• look for symptoms like
diabetic nerve damage
and vision loss.
This requires knowledge of
the endocrine system, as this
system is often involved with
obesity and other diseases.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15 Readiness
Core Chemistry Skills
• Naming Alcohols and Phenols (13.1)
• Writing Equations for the Oxidation of Alcohols (13.4)
• Naming Aldehydes and Ketones (14.1)
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
15.1 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are
• a major source of
energy from our diet.
• made from the
elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
• also called
saccharides, which
means “sugars.”
Learning Goal Classify a monosaccharide as an aldose
or a ketose, and indicate the number of carbon atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, such as glucose,
• are produced by photosynthesis
in plants.
• are synthesized in plants from CO2,
H2O, and energy from the sun.
• are oxidized in living cells to
produce CO2, H2O, and energy.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Carbohydrates
The types of carbohydrates are
• monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates;
• disaccharides, which consist of two monosaccharides; and
• polysaccharides, which contain many monosaccharides.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
• contain several hydroxyl
groups attached to a chain of
three to eight carbon atoms.
• that contain an aldehyde
group are classified as
aldoses.
• that contain a ketone group
are classified as ketoses.
• have hydroxyl groups on all
carbons except the carbonyl
carbon.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are also classified by the number
of carbon atoms present.
triose (three C atoms)
pentose (five C atoms)
tetrose (four C atoms)
hexose (six C atoms)
An aldopentose is a five-carbon saccharide with an
aldehyde group.
A ketohexose is a six-carbon saccharide with a
ketone group.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Monosaccharides
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Study Check
Identify each as aldo or keto and as tetrose,
pentose, or hexose.
A.
B.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Identify each as aldo or keto and as tetrose,
pentose, or hexose.
A. aldohexose
B. ketopentose
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.