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Structures of the Urinary System Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Urinary meatus Structures of the Urinary System Kidneys Bean-shaped organs Located between peritoneum and the back muscles (RETROPERITONEAL) Held in position by connective tissue Enclosed in an adipose capsule Protected by the ribs Structures of the Urinary System Ureters-The tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder. Muscular tube extending from each kidney to the urinary bladder Lined by a mucous membrane Ureters 10-12” long One from each kidney Carry urine from kidney to bladder Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane lining Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters Structures of the Urinary System Urinary bladder Hollow muscular organ located in pelvic cavity Made of elastic fibers and involuntary muscles Stores urine- usually about 500cc Emptying urine (voiding) is involuntary but controlled through nervous system (voluntary) Function = store and aid in elimination of urine Structures of the Urinary System Urethra-_______ Connects the bladder to the outside of the body Female 1-2” long Male 4-6” long Urine leaves through urethra to outside opening = Urinary Meatus Structures of the Urinary System Urinary meatus Opening to the outside of the body Watch Youtube Video The Kidneys...https://youtu.be/_NO8n48AKJY Structure of Kidneys: External kidney Renal fascia Fibrous layer of connective tissue Renal Hilum Indentation that gives the kidney its bean-shaped appearance Structure of Kidneys: Internal kidney consists of: Renal cortex -Outer layer Renal medulla -Middle layer Renal pelvis -Innermost layer- Structure of Kidneys: Internal kidney Renal cortex -Outer layer -Composed of millions of microscopic functional units called nephrons Structure of Kidneys: Internal kidney Renal medulla Middle layer striated layer Contains RENAL PYRAMIDS (the striated cones) Base of each pyramid faces cortex, while apex empties into cuplike cavities called CALYCES Renal columns Located between the pyramids Cortical tissue Structure of Kidneys: Internal kidney Renal pelvis -Innermost layerfunnel shaped structure at the beginning of the ureter (funnels all the Urine into the ureters) Label Kidney: Hilum Label Kidney: Hilum What if kidneys are not working properly? Toxic wastes would accumulate in the cells, poisoning them Function of Urinary System 1. Excretion- removing nitrogenous wastes, certain salts and excess water from blood 2. Formation of urine 3. Maintain acid-base balance (fluid & electrolyte balance) 4. Elimination of Urine (Secrete waste products in the form of urine – remove waste from body) Nephrons Functional unit of the kidney Over 1 million in each kidney which comprise 140 miles of filters and tubes Parts include: 1. Bowman’s capsule 2. Glomerulus 3. Proximal convoluted tubule 4. Loop of Henle 5. Distal convoluted tubule 6. Collecting tubule Nephron structure Afferent arteriole – blood from renal artery enters through this… Nephron is the Functional unit of kidney Consists of Renal Corpuscle & Renal Tubules……. Nephron structure Renal corpuscle consist of: Bowman’s capsule-double-walled hollow capsule – it surrounds glomerulus Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min. …how many cc’s per hour is this? As the filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water is reabsorbed—what would happen if reabsorption here failed? & Glomerulus-knotty ball formed from afferent arterioles finely dividing – contains 50 separate capillaries Nephron structure cont’d Proximal convoluted tubuletwisted tubular branch off Bowman’s capsule Loop of Henle – proximal convoluted tubule descends into the medulla forming large loop Distal convoluted tubule – ascending limb of Henle’s loop Collecting tubule – distal tubule opens into collecting tubule Nephron structure Nephron structure Bowman’s Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule Glomerulus Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Tubule Ureter Watch Youtube Video The Urinary System… https://youtu.be/OkyFPMXa28c Order of Urine Formation in the Nephron 1- Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3- Secretion Filtration • First step in urine formation • Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus • High blood pressure in glomerulus forces fluid (Filtrate) to filter into Bowman’s capsule (function of glomerulus is to filter substances from the blood) • Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins or RBCs- they are too big • Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min. – 7500cc/hour • As filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water is reabsorbed Reabsorption Water and useful substances are reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule to stay in the body If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium) then those substances will not be reabsorbed Useful substances filter out of the renal tubules and back into the capillaries around the tubules = reabsorption . How does this help maintain homeostasis? Secretion Opposite of reabsorption Secretion transports substances from blood into collecting tubules to leave the body Substances include creatinine, hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and some drugs Electrolytes are selectively secreted to maintain body’s acid-base balance Watch Youtube Video Urine Formation... https://youtu.be/oCQ-5iwTQvM Urinary Output Average= 1500 ml/day Urinalysis- examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity and physical characteristics (color, clarity and odor) Normal in urinalysis = Ammonia not normal = glucose, blood, pus Urinary Output If more water is reabsorbed back into the body---what will happen to urine concentration? (more or less concentrated?) Path of urine formation Afferent arteriole - Glomerulus – Bowman’s capsule – proximal convoluted tubule – loop of Henle – distal convoluted tubule – collecting tubule – renal pelvis ureter Watch Youtube Video The Kidneys & Nephrons... https://youtu.be/Z2PugQZFLR0 Urine formation is controlled by Chemical Control (ADH & Aldosterone) & Nervous Control Chemical Control The amount of ADH produced is related to the level of body hydration Reabsorption of H2O in distal convoluted tubule controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Secretion and regulation of ADH controlled by hypothalamus Aldosterone release is the result of the renin-angiotensin system. Diuretics inhibit reabsorption of H2O Medications can replace chemicals created by body i.e. renin = diuretic Production of urine is controlled by ADH and Aldosterone Watch Youtube Video Micturition-Chemical control... https://youtu.be/0wL4sYhfm3c Nervous Control Direct control through nerve impulses on kidney blood vessels Indirect control through stimulation of endocrine glands Watch Youtube Video Micturition-Neural control... https://youtu.be/US0vNoxsW-k Watch Youtube Video Urinary System... https://youtu.be/WtrYotjYvtU Watch Youtube Video Disorders of the Kidneys... https://youtu.be/BodnYcHGtiA Disorders of the Urinary System Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) “Calc” means “stone” Also known as nephrolithiasis (nephro lith iasis) “Lith” means “stone” Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid Gradually they get larger until they block ureters…can cause hydronephrosis First symptom- severe pain Other symptoms- nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria Diagnosis- by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray Rx- increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed- lithotripsy Lithotripsy Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up Done on outpatient basis Watch Youtube Video Kidney Stones... https://youtu.be/LngbrHJkXoE Nephritis “nephr” means “kidney” “itis” means “inflammation” Inflammation of the kidney (kidney infection) Incontinence = Involuntary urination Cystitis (cyst= medical term for ____ + itis =___ ) Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder Most common cause- E. Coli Symptoms- Dysuria (painful urination), lower abd pain, and frequency Usually in females (shorter urethra) Rx- antibiotics Watch Youtube Video Cystitis... https://youtu.be/nKTe7fSqv6o Dialysis (Hemodialysis) Used for kidney failure Involves the passage of blood through device with semipermeable membrane Dialysis serves as substitute kidney… replaces filtration Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered Can be done at home or in clinic Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week Watch Youtube Video Dialysis... https://youtu.be/fKlY2SKi_dk Glomerulonephritis - group of diseases that injure the part of the kidney that filters blood (called glomeruli). When the kidney is injured, it cannot get rid of wastes and extra fluid in the body. If the illness continues, the kidneys may stop working completely, resulting in kidney failure. Acute - develops suddenly. You may get it after an infection in your throat or on your skin or some diseases. Sometimes, you may get better on your own. Other times, your kidneys may stop working unless the right treatment is started quickly. Chronic - Sometimes, the disease runs in the family. This kind often shows up in young men who may also have hearing loss and vision loss. Some forms are caused by changes in the immune system. However, in many cases, the cause is not known. Sometimes, you will have one acute attack of the disease and develop the chronic form years later. Watch Youtube Video Glomerulonephritis Acute & Chronic https://youtu.be/64Xuw1hz5HY Renal Failure Acute: may be sudden onset-causes may be nephritis, shock, injury, bleeding, sudden heart failure or poisoning. Sx: oliguria (scanty amt urine), anuria (absence of urine) Chronic: gradual loss of function of the nephrons Watch Youtube Video The Kidneys... https://youtu.be/Kixqn8i9MN4 Kidney Transplant As a last resort Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system Main complication- rejection Watch Youtube Video Kidney Transplant... https://youtu.be/zl8BGtNaUHA Terminology Enuresis- bedwetting Incontinence – involuntary urination Gylcosuria- sugar in urine Nocturia- frequent urination at night Polyuria- large amounts of urine Anuria- no urine produced Hematuria- blood in urine Diuretic- drug or substance to increase urine production Oliguria – decreased urine production (sign of kidney failure)