Download PPT File - Northeast Regional Ag Expo 2016

Structures of the Urinary
System
 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Bladder
 Urethra
 Urinary meatus
Structures of the Urinary System
Kidneys
 Bean-shaped organs
 Located between peritoneum and the
back muscles (RETROPERITONEAL)
 Held in position by
connective tissue
 Enclosed in an adipose
capsule
 Protected by the ribs
Structures of the Urinary
System
Ureters-The tubes that connect
the kidneys and bladder.

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 Muscular tube extending from
each kidney to the urinary bladder
 Lined by a mucous
membrane
Ureters
 10-12” long
One from each kidney
Carry urine from kidney to bladder
Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane
lining
Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters
Structures of the Urinary
System
Urinary bladder
 Hollow muscular organ
located in pelvic cavity
 Made of elastic fibers and
involuntary muscles
 Stores urine- usually about 500cc
 Emptying urine (voiding) is
involuntary but controlled through
nervous system (voluntary)
 Function = store and aid in
elimination of urine
Structures of the Urinary
System
 Urethra-_______
 Connects the bladder
to the outside of the
body
 Female 1-2” long
 Male 4-6” long
 Urine leaves
through urethra to outside
opening = Urinary Meatus
Structures of the Urinary
System
Urinary meatus
 Opening to the
outside of the body
Watch Youtube Video
The Kidneys...https://youtu.be/_NO8n48AKJY
Structure of Kidneys:
External kidney
 Renal fascia
 Fibrous layer of
connective tissue
 Renal Hilum
 Indentation that
gives the kidney
its bean-shaped
appearance
Structure of Kidneys:
Internal kidney
consists of:
 Renal cortex
-Outer layer
 Renal medulla
-Middle layer
 Renal pelvis
-Innermost layer-
Structure of Kidneys:
Internal kidney
 Renal cortex
-Outer layer
-Composed of
millions of
microscopic
functional
units called
nephrons
Structure of Kidneys:
Internal kidney
Renal medulla
 Middle layer striated layer
 Contains RENAL PYRAMIDS
(the striated cones)
 Base of each pyramid faces
cortex, while apex empties
into cuplike cavities called
CALYCES
 Renal columns
 Located between
the pyramids
 Cortical tissue
Structure of Kidneys:
Internal kidney
 Renal pelvis
-Innermost layerfunnel shaped structure at
the beginning of the
ureter (funnels all the
Urine into the ureters)
Label Kidney:
Hilum
Label Kidney:
Hilum
What if kidneys are not
working properly?
 Toxic wastes would
accumulate in the cells,
poisoning them
Function of Urinary
System
1. Excretion- removing nitrogenous
wastes, certain salts and excess water
from blood
2. Formation of urine
3. Maintain acid-base balance (fluid &
electrolyte balance)
4. Elimination of Urine (Secrete waste
products in the form of urine – remove
waste from body)
Nephrons
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Functional unit of the kidney
Over 1 million in each kidney which
comprise 140 miles of filters and tubes
 Parts include:
1. Bowman’s capsule
2. Glomerulus
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4. Loop of Henle
5. Distal convoluted tubule
6. Collecting tubule
Nephron structure
 Afferent arteriole – blood from renal artery enters through this…
Nephron is the
 Functional unit of kidney
Consists of Renal Corpuscle
&
Renal Tubules…….
Nephron structure
Renal corpuscle consist of:
 Bowman’s capsule-double-walled
hollow capsule – it surrounds glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min.
…how many cc’s per hour is this?
 As the filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water
is reabsorbed—what would happen if reabsorption here
failed?

&
 Glomerulus-knotty ball
formed from afferent
arterioles finely dividing
– contains 50 separate capillaries
Nephron structure cont’d
 Proximal convoluted tubuletwisted tubular branch off Bowman’s
capsule
 Loop of Henle – proximal
convoluted tubule descends into
the medulla forming large loop
 Distal convoluted tubule –
ascending limb of Henle’s loop
 Collecting tubule – distal tubule
opens into collecting tubule
Nephron structure
Nephron structure
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Glomerulus
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting Tubule
Ureter
Watch Youtube Video
The Urinary
System… https://youtu.be/OkyFPMXa28c
Order of Urine Formation
in the Nephron
1- Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3- Secretion
Filtration
• First step in urine formation
• Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus
• High blood pressure in glomerulus forces
fluid (Filtrate) to filter into Bowman’s capsule
(function of glomerulus is to filter substances
from the blood)
• Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins or
RBCs- they are too big
• Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of
fluid/min. – 7500cc/hour
• As filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of
water is reabsorbed
Reabsorption
 Water and useful substances are reabsorbed in
proximal convoluted tubule to stay in the body
 If blood levels of certain substances are high
(glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium) then those
substances will not be reabsorbed
 Useful substances filter out of the renal tubules and
back into the capillaries around the tubules =
reabsorption
.

How does this help maintain homeostasis?
Secretion
 Opposite of reabsorption
 Secretion transports substances
from blood into collecting tubules
to leave the body
 Substances include creatinine,
hydrogen ions, potassium ions,
and some drugs
 Electrolytes are selectively
secreted to maintain body’s acid-base balance
Watch Youtube Video
Urine Formation... https://youtu.be/oCQ-5iwTQvM
Urinary Output
 Average= 1500 ml/day
 Urinalysis- examination of urine to
determine presence of blood cells,
bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity
and physical characteristics (color,
clarity and odor)
 Normal in urinalysis = Ammonia
 not normal = glucose, blood, pus
Urinary Output
 If more water is reabsorbed back into the
body---what will happen to urine
concentration?
 (more or less concentrated?)
Path of urine formation
 Afferent arteriole - Glomerulus –
Bowman’s capsule – proximal convoluted
tubule – loop of Henle – distal convoluted
tubule – collecting tubule – renal pelvis ureter
Watch Youtube Video
The Kidneys & Nephrons...
https://youtu.be/Z2PugQZFLR0
Urine formation is controlled by
Chemical Control
(ADH & Aldosterone)
&
Nervous Control
Chemical Control
The amount of ADH produced is related to
the level of body hydration
 Reabsorption of H2O in distal convoluted tubule
controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
 Secretion and regulation of
ADH controlled by hypothalamus
Aldosterone release is the result of the renin-angiotensin
system.
 Diuretics inhibit reabsorption of H2O
 Medications can replace chemicals created by body i.e.
renin = diuretic
 Production of urine is controlled by ADH and Aldosterone
Watch Youtube Video
Micturition-Chemical control...
https://youtu.be/0wL4sYhfm3c
Nervous Control
 Direct control through nerve impulses
on kidney blood vessels
 Indirect control through stimulation of
endocrine glands
Watch Youtube Video
Micturition-Neural control...
https://youtu.be/US0vNoxsW-k
Watch Youtube Video
Urinary System... https://youtu.be/WtrYotjYvtU
Watch Youtube Video
Disorders of the Kidneys...
https://youtu.be/BodnYcHGtiA
Disorders of the Urinary
System
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
“Calc” means “stone”
Also known as nephrolithiasis (nephro lith iasis)
“Lith” means “stone”
 Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid
 Gradually they get larger until they block ureters…can
cause hydronephrosis
 First symptom- severe pain
 Other symptoms- nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills,
fever, hematuria
 Diagnosis- by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
 Rx- increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if
needed- lithotripsy
Lithotripsy
 Surgical procedure to remove kidney
stones
 Shock waves hit dense stones and break
them up
 Done on outpatient basis
Watch Youtube Video
Kidney Stones... https://youtu.be/LngbrHJkXoE
Nephritis
“nephr” means “kidney”
“itis” means “inflammation”
 Inflammation of the
kidney (kidney infection)
Incontinence =
 Involuntary urination
Cystitis
(cyst= medical term for ____ + itis =___ )
 Inflammation of the mucous
membrane lining of the urinary
bladder
 Most common cause- E. Coli
 Symptoms- Dysuria (painful
urination), lower abd pain, and
frequency
 Usually in females (shorter urethra)
 Rx- antibiotics
Watch Youtube Video
Cystitis... https://youtu.be/nKTe7fSqv6o
Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
 Used for kidney failure
 Involves the passage of blood through
device with semipermeable membrane
 Dialysis serves as substitute kidney…
replaces filtration
 Blood from patient flows through
machine and is filtered
 Can be done at home or in clinic
 Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week
Watch Youtube Video
Dialysis...
https://youtu.be/fKlY2SKi_dk
Glomerulonephritis
- group of diseases that injure the part of the kidney that
filters blood (called glomeruli). When the kidney is
injured, it cannot get rid of wastes and extra fluid in the
body. If the illness continues, the kidneys may stop
working completely, resulting in kidney failure.
 Acute - develops suddenly. You may get it after an infection in your throat or on
your skin or some diseases. Sometimes, you may get better on your own. Other times, your
kidneys may stop working unless the right treatment is started quickly.
 Chronic - Sometimes, the disease runs in the family. This kind often shows up
in young men who may also have hearing loss and vision loss. Some forms are caused by
changes in the immune system. However, in many cases, the cause is not known.
Sometimes, you will have one acute attack of the disease and develop the chronic form
years later.
Watch Youtube Video
Glomerulonephritis
Acute & Chronic
https://youtu.be/64Xuw1hz5HY
Renal Failure
 Acute: may be sudden onset-causes may be
nephritis, shock, injury, bleeding, sudden heart
failure or poisoning.
Sx: oliguria (scanty amt urine), anuria (absence of
urine)
 Chronic: gradual loss of function of the
nephrons
Watch Youtube Video
The Kidneys... https://youtu.be/Kixqn8i9MN4
Kidney Transplant
 As a last resort
 Involves donor organ from someone
with a similar immune system
 Main complication- rejection
Watch Youtube Video
Kidney Transplant...
https://youtu.be/zl8BGtNaUHA
Terminology
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Enuresis- bedwetting
Incontinence – involuntary urination
Gylcosuria- sugar in urine
Nocturia- frequent urination at night
Polyuria- large amounts of urine
Anuria- no urine produced
Hematuria- blood in urine
Diuretic- drug or substance to
increase urine production
 Oliguria – decreased urine production
(sign of kidney failure)