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WORLD HISTORY MID-TERM EXAM REVIEW CONCEPT NOTES TO STUDY Renaissance characteristics of Renaissance art geopolitical status of Italy during the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci & his famous works long-lasting influences of the Renaissance Anatomy, individuality, secularism, humanism, classicism, nature, youth City-states which were periodically attacked by the power-brokers of Europe “Mona Lisa” Ideals conveyed in the Canterbury Talesvernacular –writing in everyday language no more writing in Latin; works were published in Italian, English and French long-lasting results of the Renaissance Architecture that is still found in Florence, Italy major city-states during the Renaissance Michaelangelo & his famous works Niccolo Machiavelli & his famous work Venice, Milan, Florence “David” “The Prince” A ruler must rule completely in order to keep order Powerful families ruling during the Renaissance Renaissance (definition and which civilizations influenced its ideals) Medici; Borgia; Sforza term “Renaissance Man” A person who has many talents and interests The classical Greek philosophers the term means “rebirth”; rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman ideals & culture Reformation Anabaptists Calvinism How are the Reformation & Renaissance connected? Feared by both Catholics and Protestants; believe in adult baptism, do not participate in government or military John Calvin; Switzerland; believed in predestinationbelieve that it is determined at birth if you go to heaven or hell; faith and good works for salvation replaced Lutheranism as largest Protestant faith The events and philosophy of the Renaissance build the foundation for the Reformation King Henry VIII & Church of England (reasons for formation, ideals, how different from R.C. Church?) Martin Luther & Lutheranism Peace of Augsburg Protestantism Puritans Roman Catholic Church CounterReformation- reasons and solutions Need to have divorce become legal so he can remarry to try to have a son; no major distinctions between Church of England and Catholicism, fewer sacraments, clergy could marry. Wrote “Ninety-Five Theses” which blasted the Church for its use of indulgences and corrupt practices; was the first Protestant faith Lutheranism; called for clergy to marry; fewer sacraments than R.C. Church; believed that faith and good works leads to salvation; States that each German Prince will determine the religion of his respective land either Lutheran or Catholic. Any faith during the 15th and 16th centuries that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church; began with Lutheranism and includes Calvinism, Anglican Church, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Anabaptists etc. The Puritans believe that all of the other Protestant denominations have not cleansed their religions sufficiently of Catholic practices Accused of clergy ignoring their duties; selling of indulgences; corrupt hierarchy; misuse of funds; launched counter-reformation Council of Trent, Jesuits, and eventually made little changes to counter the loss of followers due to increasing popularity of Protestantism in Northern Europe. The Age of Exploration Capital city of Aztec Mexico Tenochtitlan Colombian Exchange The widespread exchange of food, animals, culture, slaves, etc. between Africa, Europe and the Americas Small pox disease led to mass death among American Indians European leaders in Exploration Portugal & Spain first successful English colony in the North America largest civilizations in the Americas Jamestown Middle Passage genocidal trip from Africa to the New World for slaves Reasons Europeans used Africans as slaves The need for a labor force to replace American Indians; Africans had been exposed to many European diseases due to cultural contact; The Spanish and Portuguese had been introduced to Sub-Saharan African slavery through the Moors Hernan Cortes Aztec, Mexico Francisco Pizzaro Inca, South America Spanish Conquistadors Mexica (Aztec) and Inca The Age of Absolutism Absolutism/absolute monarchy Constitutional monarchy A system of government ruled by a monarch with complete and total power with no limitations A form of government (i.e., England beginning in the 17th century) where monarchs are at the head of the nation but their power is limited by a constitution and the power of the Parliament. Divine right of kings Edict of Nantes Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 King James II King Louis XIV Maria Theresa Oliver Cromwell Peter the Great & Catherine the Great’s contributions to Russia Type of government in England in 17th and 18th centuries God gave the ruler the position of power; therefore he or she is responsible only to God. granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic; It promoted religious toleration; later revoked by Louis XIV. Virtually bloodless revolution; Parliament feared James II would lead England to becoming Catholic; they invited his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to invade and take the throne. James II abandoned the throne thus turning power over to Parliament and William & Mary who ruled as constitutional monarchs of England. Assumed the Throne of England after the death of Oliver Cromwell; was later deposed in the Glorious Revolution when he abandoned his throne where his daughter Mary and her husband William Of Orange who were invited by Parliament to assume the throne became the new sovereigns of England. French absolute monarch; believed in the divine right of kings; waged many expensive wars, built the palace of Versailles and bankrupted the nation. Leader of Austria; enlightened despot; believed in some of the ideals of the Enlightenment however ruled with an iron-hand and still maintained some absolutist tendencies Leader of the Puritan New Model Army; defeated the Cavaliers in the English Civil War; He ruled England in a military dictatorship; purged Parliament of any foes; ruled until his death. Westernized Russia; introduced western ideas and customs, expanded territory of Russia; built up capitol city; centralized government disagreements and power struggles with Parliament; civil war; Glorious Revolution established a constitutional monarchy and shattered the concept of divine right & absolute monarchy in England Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment Adam Smith Checks and balances Deism Enlightenment Wrote “In the Wealth of Nations” where he examined the economic systems and the effect of the government on the economic success of the nation; greed can be good and a benefit to society The idea of splitting government up into executive, legislative and judicial branches The philosophy that God created the universe with laws to govern it and then left it alone A philosophical movement which lead to many new ways of thinking in the areas of politics, social issues; religion; and government; began in France Galileo Galeili Helped to further discredit the Ptolemaic theory; first European to use a telescope; invented several versions of the telescope with improved capacities; appear before the Roman Inquisition and placed on house arrest; required to recant his scientific beliefs due to threat of excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church geocentric theory of the center of the universe Heliocentric theory of the center of the universe Isaac Newton Ptolemaic Theory states the earth is at the center of the universe; sun and all planets and stars orbit the Earth Copernican system states the sun is at the center of the universe; Earth, moon and all planets and stars orbit the Sun Wrote the universal law of gravitation which explained motion of the universe and was the sole theory followed until Einstein disproved some of this theories in the 20th century. Wrote the Social Contract; belief that people give power to government by agreeing to abide by the laws and follow the system of government in place. A political theorist who coined the ideals of Marxism; socialist writings; father of Communism; wrote the “Communist Manifesto” Coined by Adam Smith, literally means “to let the people do what they want”; translates to government does not interfere with the economy Wrote “In the Spirit of the Laws”; best known for his classification of government: monarchy; republic; dictatorship. Polish astronomer; first to argue that the Sun, not the Earth was at the center of the universe heliocentric theory Enlightenment philosophe; Coined phrase “I think, therefore I am.” Logical, rational thinking based on evidence A movement in 17th and 18th centuries of science which lead to many improvements in the fields of medicine; astronomy; physics; chemistry; prior to Scientific Revolution the Bible and the Christian faith were the sources of truth. Scientific Revolution rejected the teachings of the Bible as proof and moved more towards explanations supported by evidence through observation and experimentations. Compass, telescope, microscopes, etc. Jean Jacques Rousseau Karl Marx laissez-faire Montesquieu Nicholas Copernicus Renes Descartes Scientific Revolution Technological innovations in science (tools, etc) Voltaire Enlighenment philosophe who wrote extensively during the Age of Enlightenment; targeted political rights; wrote about supporting freedom of speech French Revolution Estate System of France in 18th century 1st Estate Clergy; 2nd Estate Nobility; 3rd Estate remainder of society; 1st and 2nd Estates constituted the privileged classes and were not required to pay taxes Louis XVI (generally); 3rd Estate bore the tax burden and had few political rights Monarch of France at the start of the revolution; he had little regard for the 3rd Estate; at first refused to utilize the Estates General and give rights to the 3rd estate; later executed by the Guillotine Estates General The Political body of government in France; Voting in the Estates General was conducted on the principle of each Estate one vote Tennis Court Oath Where the Third Estate vowed to continue to meet until a Constitution was written and formed and announced the National Assembly 1793-1794; led by Robespierre; 40,000 French citizens were executed by the guillotine; time of heightened hysteria in France during the French Revolution 1789-1799; overtaxing of 3rd estate (under taxing or not taxing 1st and 2nd estate); overspending by monarch Louis XVI; lack of representation in the Estates General 1796-1815; started his career as a general in French army in the Italian & Egyptian campaigns; led a coup de’tat of the French government; became First Consul; the Consul for Life; crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I of France; exiled to Elba; returned to fight 100 days; exiled to St. Helena where he later died. Reign of Terror French Revolution (causes) Napoleon Bonaparte Industrialization 1750-1900; began in Great Britain due to accessible waterways and a vast amount of coal deposits. This time period represents a switch from man-made production in the home (cottage industry) to mass-produced factory made assembly-lines. Inventions of the Industrial Cotton Gin cleaned cotton of seeds; seed drill planted Revolution seeds; spinning jenny spun cotton/wool into thread; flying shuttle a loom that made cloth faster than by hand Labor Union A group of workers that create an organization with the specific aim of improving working conditions or protecting current conditions from becoming worse Steam Engine James Watt redesigned the steam engine so that it could more efficiently produce power for factories. Later versions of his steam engine would be used in modified forms to power locomotives and steam ships. Transportation methods during the Locomotives & steam ships; eventually replaced in later years Industrial Revolution by the automobile. Urbanization A major impact of the Industrial Revolution; a large concentration of workers moving into and living in large urban centers & cities Working class Urban workers who worked the factories. Industrialization Working conditions during the Dangerous; highly polluted; unsanitary; child labor; Industrial Revolution Essay Portion of the Mid-Term Exam For the Mid-Term Exam you will be writing a DBQ (Document Based Question). Although we will not be providing you with the exact documents you will be using, we will provide you with the DBQ question so you may prepare yourself and study what types of outside information that you have learned that would be helpful in supporting your essay’s thesis. The time period of 1750 to 1900 marked the Industrial Revolution which was a blessing for the working man , was a curse for the environment and humanity, and truly revolutionary for global history. Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse to the working man? Points to consider: 1. You should be ready to define what the Industrial Revolution was a. Talk about how goods were made by hand.--> time consuming; slow turnaround; hard physical labor; quality level; more expensive goods.(cottage industry) b. Movement towards industry people wanted to make goods faster; cheaper, and good quality; use of factories; needed water access and lots of coal resources; c. Urbanization people moved into cities; lead to more cities with large populations. 2. You should be ready to give examples of how the Industrial Revolution was positive a. Growing middle class; more people making more money b. Leisure activities people got to have fun c. Required more education to help people use machines d. More political responsibilities e. Machines made people’s lives and jobs easier 3. You should be ready to give examples of how the Industrial Revolution was negative a. Pollution factories used coal; smog; water ways, b. Stress on family both parents would work in shifts; often children worked in mines c. Diseases black lung from coal mines; white lung disease from factory work; cancers diagnosed. d. Health injuries; alcoholism; death rate Format You will be writing a 5-paragraph DBQ essay as you have been practicing in class this past semester. You should strive to include as many of the documents as possible. SECTION II: Short Answer Free Response Directions: Select any 4 questions from the choices below. Write a brief response (about one paragraph 5-8 sentences) that answers all parts of each question. Be sure to write in complete sentences, and include as much detail as possible. (5 points each) A. How the Dark Ages contributed to the brilliance of the Renaissance in Europe? Be sure to include the impact of the Plague, advancements in the arts and learning, and new emphasis on individuality. B. Explain the impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Roman Catholic Church. Include the reasons for the Protestant Reformation, the direct impact on the Catholic Church and the Church’s reaction. C. Rulers use the faith of their subjects to provide justification for their power. List and explain 3 ways this occurs in the age of absolutism. D. Compare or contrast the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Be sure list and explain at least three examples in your response. E. How was the French Revolution really an anti-revolution? F. Explain how technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution improved the economy as well as society as a whole.