Download WORLD HISTORY MID-TERM EXAM REVIEW

WORLD HISTORY MID-TERM EXAM REVIEW
CONCEPT
NOTES TO STUDY
Renaissance
characteristics of Renaissance art
geopolitical status of Italy during the
Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci & his famous works
long-lasting influences of the
Renaissance
Anatomy, individuality, secularism, humanism, classicism, nature,
youth
City-states which were periodically attacked by the power-brokers
of Europe
“Mona Lisa”
Ideals conveyed in the Canterbury Talesvernacular –writing in
everyday language no more writing in Latin; works were published
in Italian, English and French
long-lasting results of the Renaissance
Architecture that is still found in Florence, Italy
major city-states during the
Renaissance
Michaelangelo & his famous works
Niccolo Machiavelli & his famous work
Venice, Milan, Florence
“David”
“The Prince” A ruler must rule completely in order to keep order
Powerful families ruling during the
Renaissance
Renaissance (definition and which
civilizations influenced its ideals)
Medici; Borgia; Sforza
term “Renaissance Man”
A person who has many talents and interests
The classical Greek philosophers the term means “rebirth”; rebirth
of ancient Greek and Roman ideals & culture
Reformation
Anabaptists
Calvinism
How are the Reformation &
Renaissance connected?
Feared by both Catholics and Protestants; believe in adult baptism,
do not participate in government or military
John Calvin; Switzerland; believed in predestinationbelieve that it
is determined at birth if you go to heaven or hell; faith and good
works for salvation replaced Lutheranism as largest Protestant faith
The events and philosophy of the Renaissance build the foundation
for the Reformation
King Henry VIII & Church of England
(reasons for formation, ideals, how
different from R.C. Church?)
Martin Luther & Lutheranism
Peace of Augsburg
Protestantism
Puritans
Roman Catholic Church CounterReformation- reasons and solutions
Need to have divorce become legal so he can remarry to try to have
a son; no major distinctions between Church of England and
Catholicism, fewer sacraments, clergy could marry.
Wrote “Ninety-Five Theses” which blasted the Church for its use of
indulgences and corrupt practices; was the first Protestant faith
Lutheranism; called for clergy to marry; fewer sacraments than R.C.
Church; believed that faith and good works leads to salvation;
States that each German Prince will determine the religion of his
respective land either Lutheran or Catholic.
Any faith during the 15th and 16th centuries that broke away from
the Roman Catholic Church; began with Lutheranism and includes
Calvinism, Anglican Church, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Anabaptists
etc.
The Puritans believe that all of the other Protestant denominations
have not cleansed their religions sufficiently of Catholic practices
Accused of clergy ignoring their duties; selling of indulgences;
corrupt hierarchy; misuse of funds; launched counter-reformation
Council of Trent, Jesuits, and eventually made little changes to
counter the loss of followers due to increasing popularity of
Protestantism in Northern Europe.
The Age of Exploration
Capital city of Aztec Mexico
Tenochtitlan
Colombian Exchange
The widespread exchange of food, animals, culture, slaves, etc.
between Africa, Europe and the Americas
Small pox
disease led to mass death among
American Indians
European leaders in Exploration
Portugal & Spain
first successful English colony in the
North America
largest civilizations in the Americas
Jamestown
Middle Passage
genocidal trip from Africa to the New World for slaves
Reasons Europeans used Africans as
slaves
The need for a labor force to replace American Indians; Africans had
been exposed to many European diseases due to cultural contact;
The Spanish and Portuguese had been introduced to Sub-Saharan
African slavery through the Moors
Hernan Cortes Aztec, Mexico
Francisco Pizzaro Inca, South America
Spanish Conquistadors
Mexica (Aztec) and Inca
The Age of Absolutism
Absolutism/absolute monarchy
Constitutional monarchy
A system of government ruled by a monarch with complete and
total power with no limitations
A form of government (i.e., England beginning in the 17th century)
where monarchs are at the head of the nation but their power is
limited by a constitution and the power of the Parliament.
Divine right of kings
Edict of Nantes
Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689
King James II
King Louis XIV
Maria Theresa
Oliver Cromwell
Peter the Great & Catherine the Great’s
contributions to Russia
Type of government in England in 17th
and 18th centuries
God gave the ruler the position of power; therefore he or she is
responsible only to God.
granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known
as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered
essentially Catholic; It promoted religious toleration; later revoked
by Louis XIV.
Virtually bloodless revolution; Parliament feared James II would
lead England to becoming Catholic; they invited his Protestant
daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to invade and
take the throne. James II abandoned the throne thus turning power
over to Parliament and William & Mary who ruled as constitutional
monarchs of England.
Assumed the Throne of England after the death of Oliver Cromwell;
was later deposed in the Glorious Revolution when he abandoned
his throne where his daughter Mary and her husband William Of
Orange who were invited by Parliament to assume the throne
became the new sovereigns of England.
French absolute monarch; believed in the divine right of kings;
waged many expensive wars, built the palace of Versailles and
bankrupted the nation.
Leader of Austria; enlightened despot; believed in some of the ideals
of the Enlightenment however ruled with an iron-hand and still
maintained some absolutist tendencies
Leader of the Puritan New Model Army; defeated the Cavaliers in
the English Civil War; He ruled England in a military dictatorship;
purged Parliament of any foes; ruled until his death.
Westernized Russia; introduced western ideas and customs,
expanded territory of Russia; built up capitol city; centralized
government
disagreements and power struggles with Parliament; civil war;
Glorious Revolution established a constitutional monarchy and
shattered the concept of divine right & absolute monarchy in
England
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
Adam Smith
Checks and balances
Deism
Enlightenment
Wrote “In the Wealth of Nations” where he examined the
economic systems and the effect of the government on the
economic success of the nation; greed can be good and a
benefit to society
The idea of splitting government up into executive,
legislative and judicial branches
The philosophy that God created the universe with laws to
govern it and then left it alone
A philosophical movement which lead to many new ways of
thinking in the areas of politics, social issues; religion; and
government; began in France
Galileo Galeili
Helped to further discredit the Ptolemaic theory; first European to
use a telescope; invented several versions of the telescope with
improved capacities; appear before the Roman Inquisition and
placed on house arrest; required to recant his scientific beliefs due
to threat of excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church
geocentric theory of the center of
the universe
Heliocentric theory of the center
of the universe
Isaac Newton
Ptolemaic Theory states the earth is at the center of the
universe; sun and all planets and stars orbit the Earth
Copernican system states the sun is at the center of the
universe; Earth, moon and all planets and stars orbit the Sun
Wrote the universal law of gravitation which explained
motion of the universe and was the sole theory followed
until Einstein disproved some of this theories in the 20th
century.
Wrote the Social Contract; belief that people give power to
government by agreeing to abide by the laws and follow the
system of government in place.
A political theorist who coined the ideals of Marxism;
socialist writings; father of Communism; wrote the
“Communist Manifesto”
Coined by Adam Smith, literally means “to let the people do
what they want”; translates to government does not
interfere with the economy
Wrote “In the Spirit of the Laws”; best known for his
classification of government: monarchy; republic;
dictatorship.
Polish astronomer; first to argue that the Sun, not the Earth
was at the center of the universe heliocentric theory
Enlightenment philosophe; Coined phrase “I think, therefore
I am.” Logical, rational thinking based on evidence
A movement in 17th and 18th centuries of science which lead
to many improvements in the fields of medicine; astronomy;
physics; chemistry; prior to Scientific Revolution the Bible
and the Christian faith were the sources of truth. Scientific
Revolution rejected the teachings of the Bible as proof and
moved more towards explanations supported by evidence
through observation and experimentations.
Compass, telescope, microscopes, etc.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Karl Marx
laissez-faire
Montesquieu
Nicholas Copernicus
Renes Descartes
Scientific Revolution
Technological innovations in science
(tools, etc)
Voltaire
Enlighenment philosophe who wrote extensively during the
Age of Enlightenment; targeted political rights; wrote about
supporting freedom of speech
French Revolution
Estate System of France in 18th
century
1st Estate Clergy; 2nd Estate Nobility; 3rd Estate
remainder of society; 1st and 2nd Estates constituted the
privileged classes and were not required to pay taxes
Louis XVI
(generally); 3rd Estate bore the tax burden and had few political
rights
Monarch of France at the start of the revolution; he had little
regard for the 3rd Estate; at first refused to utilize the Estates
General and give rights to the 3rd estate; later executed by the
Guillotine
Estates General
The Political body of government in France; Voting in the Estates
General was conducted on the principle of each Estate one vote
Tennis Court Oath
Where the Third Estate vowed to continue to meet until a
Constitution was written and formed and announced the
National Assembly
1793-1794; led by Robespierre; 40,000 French citizens were
executed by the guillotine; time of heightened hysteria in
France during the French Revolution
1789-1799; overtaxing of 3rd estate (under taxing or not taxing
1st and 2nd estate); overspending by monarch Louis XVI; lack of
representation in the Estates General
1796-1815; started his career as a general in French army in
the Italian & Egyptian campaigns; led a coup de’tat of the
French government; became First Consul; the Consul for Life;
crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I of France; exiled to Elba;
returned to fight 100 days; exiled to St. Helena where he later
died.
Reign of Terror
French Revolution (causes)
Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrialization
1750-1900; began in Great Britain due to accessible waterways
and a vast amount of coal deposits. This time period represents
a switch from man-made production in the home (cottage
industry) to mass-produced factory made assembly-lines.
Inventions of the Industrial
Cotton Gin cleaned cotton of seeds; seed drill  planted
Revolution
seeds; spinning jenny spun cotton/wool into thread; flying
shuttle a loom that made cloth faster than by hand
Labor Union
A group of workers that create an organization with the specific
aim of improving working conditions or protecting current
conditions from becoming worse
Steam Engine
James Watt redesigned the steam engine so that it could more
efficiently produce power for factories. Later versions of his
steam engine would be used in modified forms to power
locomotives and steam ships.
Transportation methods during the Locomotives & steam ships; eventually replaced in later years
Industrial Revolution
by the automobile.
Urbanization
A major impact of the Industrial Revolution; a large
concentration of workers moving into and living in large urban
centers & cities
Working class
Urban workers who worked the factories.
Industrialization
Working conditions during the
Dangerous; highly polluted; unsanitary; child labor;
Industrial Revolution
Essay Portion of the Mid-Term Exam
For the Mid-Term Exam you will be writing a DBQ (Document Based Question). Although we will not be
providing you with the exact documents you will be using, we will provide you with the DBQ question so
you may prepare yourself and study what types of outside information that you have learned that would
be helpful in supporting your essay’s thesis.
The time period of 1750 to 1900 marked the Industrial Revolution which
was a blessing for the working man , was a curse for the environment and
humanity, and truly revolutionary for global history.
Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse to the working man?
Points to consider:
1. You should be ready to define what the Industrial Revolution was
a. Talk about how goods were made by hand.--> time consuming; slow turnaround; hard physical
labor; quality level; more expensive goods.(cottage industry)
b. Movement towards industry people wanted to make goods faster; cheaper, and good quality; use
of factories; needed water access and lots of coal resources;
c. Urbanization people moved into cities; lead to more cities with large populations.
2. You should be ready to give examples of how the Industrial Revolution was positive
a. Growing middle class; more people making more money
b. Leisure activities people got to have fun
c. Required more education to help people use machines
d. More political responsibilities
e. Machines made people’s lives and jobs easier
3. You should be ready to give examples of how the Industrial Revolution was negative
a. Pollution factories used coal; smog; water ways,
b. Stress on family both parents would work in shifts; often children worked in mines
c. Diseases black lung from coal mines; white lung disease from factory work; cancers
diagnosed.
d. Health injuries; alcoholism; death rate
Format
You will be writing a 5-paragraph DBQ essay as you have been practicing in class this past semester. You should
strive to include as many of the documents as possible.
SECTION II: Short Answer Free Response
Directions: Select any 4 questions from the choices below. Write a brief response (about
one paragraph 5-8 sentences) that answers all parts of each question. Be sure to write
in complete sentences, and include as much detail as possible. (5 points each)
A. How the Dark Ages contributed to the brilliance of the Renaissance in Europe? Be sure to include
the impact of the Plague, advancements in the arts and learning, and new emphasis on individuality.
B. Explain the impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Roman Catholic Church. Include the
reasons for the Protestant Reformation, the direct impact on the Catholic Church and the Church’s
reaction.
C. Rulers use the faith of their subjects to provide justification for their power. List and explain 3
ways this occurs in the age of absolutism.
D. Compare or contrast the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Be sure list and explain at
least three examples in your response.
E. How was the French Revolution really an anti-revolution?
F. Explain how technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution improved the
economy as well as society as a whole.