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JNCC Report No: 585 Conceptual Ecological Modelling of Shallow Sublittoral Sand Habitats to Inform Indicator Selection Coates, D.A., Alexander, D., Herbert, R.J.H. & Crowley, S.J. June 2016 © JNCC, Peterborough 2016 0963-8901 List of Appendices Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Appendix 3. Appendix 4. Appendix 5. Appendix 6. Appendix 7. Appendix 8. Appendix 9. Appendix 10. Appendix 11. Appendix 12. Appendix 13. Appendix 14. List of Species Included in Project Scope List of Keywords used as Literature Review Search Terms Species/Biotope/Model Matrix General Control Model – Shallow Sublittoral Sand Habitats Sub-model 1. Suspension and Deposit Feeding Infauna Sub-model 2. Small Mobile Fauna or Tube/Burrow Dwelling Crustaceans Sub-model 3. Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers Sub-model 4. Attached Epifauna and Macroalgae Confidence model 1. Suspension and Deposit Feeding Infauna Confidence model 2. Small Mobile Fauna or Tube/Burrow Dwelling Crustaceans Confidence model 3. Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers Confidence model 4. Attached Epifauna and Macroalgae Description of Identified Anthropogenic Pressures Sublittoral Sand CEM Literature Review and Ancillary Information In addition to the appendices listed, a spreadsheet containing ancillary electronic information supporting the literature review also accompanies this report, as referred to within the main report sections. JNCC Report No. 585: Development of Conceptual Ecological Models – Shallow Sublittoral Sand Habitats Appendix 1 – List of species included in project scope Please see accompanying spreadsheet for full species list and details of how this list was refined. Acrocnida brachiata Abra alba Alcyonidium diaphanum Ammodytes tobianus Ampelisca brevicornis Aonides paucibranchiata Arenicola marina Aricidea cerrutii Asterias rubens Astropecten irregularis Bathyporeia elegans Carcinus maenas Cerianthus lloydii Chaetozone setosa Chamelea gallina Crassicorophium crassicorne Diastylis rathkei Echinocardium cordatum Echinocyamus pusillus Ensis ensis Eudorellopsis deformis Eurydice pulchra Flustra foliacea Gastrosaccus spinifer Glycera lapidum Goniada maculata Hydrallmania falcata Kurtiella bidentata Lanice conchilega Liocarcinus depurator Lumbrineris latreilli Magelona mirabilis Moerella pygmaea Nephtys cirrosa Nucula nitidosa Ophelia borealis Ophiura ophiura Owenia fusiformis Pagurus bernhardus Parexogone hebes Phaxas pellucidus Philine quadripartita Pholoe inornata Polydora ciliata Sabella pavonina Saccharina latissima Scoloplos armiger Sertularia cupressina Sphaerosyllis bulbosa Spio filicornis Spiophanes bombyx Spisula subtruncata Tellina fabula Thracia phaseolina Travisia forbesii Urothoe elegans Urticina felina 1 JNCC Report No. 585: Development of Conceptual Ecological Models – Shallow Sublittoral Sand Habitats Appendix 2 – List of keywords used as search terms Amphipod Annelida Annual variation Anoxia Bacteria Benthic Biodeposition Bioengineering Biogeochemical process Bioirrigation Biological driver Biotope Bioturbation Bioturbation Bivalve Brittlestar Burrowing Circalittoral Climate Climate variation Crustacea Currents Currents Deposit feeder Depth Depth range Diatoms Dissolved oxygen Echinodermata Ecology Ecosystem functioning Ecosystem process Ecosystem service Environmental driver Environmental position Epifauna Feeding behaviour Feeding Habits Feeding method Filter feeding Fine sands Food resource Food web Functional group Geology Growth form Habitat provision Habitat stability Holothuroidea Hydrodynamic flow Hypoxia Infauna Infralittoral Interstitial Lifespan Light attenuation Macrofauna Marine Microbial activity Mobility Muddy sand Natural variability Nitrogen flux Nutrient cycling Nutrient provision Ocean acidification Organic Carbon Organic matter Physical driver Physiographic Phytoplankton Polychaete POM Predator Prey Primary production Response Salinity Sand Sand bank Sand ripples Sand waves Seabed energy Seabed mobility Seasonal variability Secondary production Sediment Sediment dynamics Sediment resuspension Sediment stability Sediment transport Sparse fauna Species trait Species trait Sublittoral Substratum 1 Subtidal Suspension feeder Suspension feeding Temperature Temporal variability Tidal stress Tolerance Trophic level Troughs Tube dwelling Turbidity Variability Water chemistry Water composition Water flow Wave energy In addition to the search words used above, each of the selected species names were also searched for individually. JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 3. Species Biotope Model Matrix A5.24 - Infralittoral muddy sand A5.241 - Echinocardium cordatum and Ensis spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand A5.242 - Fabulina fabula and Magelona mirabilis with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand A5.243 - Arenicola marina in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand A5.244 - Spisula subtruncata and Nephtys hombergii in shallow muddy sand A5.25 - Circalittoral fine sand A5.251 - Echinocyamus pusillus, Ophelia borealis and Abra prismatica in circalittoral fine sand A5.252 - Abra prismatica, Bathyporeia elegans and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand A5.26 - Circalittoral muddy sand A5.261 - Abra alba and Nucula nitidosa in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment A5.262 - Amphiura brachiata with Astropecten irregularis and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand Submodel 4. Temporary or Permanentely Attached Epifauna and Macroalgae Kelp Macroalgae Saccharina latissima Bryozoans Anemones Cerianthus lloydii Urticina felina Alcyonidium diaphanum Flustra foliacea Sertularia cupressina Hydrozoans Erect, Soft-bodied or shorter flexible lived epifaunal epifau species na Hydrallmania falcata Predatory Gastropods Philine quadripartita Pholoe inornata Paraexegone hebes Crawlers Burrow dwelling Sphaerosyllis bulbosa Nephtys cirrosa Lumbrineris latreilli Goniada maculata Glycera lapidum Ammodytes tobianus Predatory Gastropods Predatory Polychaetes Pisces Echinoderms Ophiura ophiura Asterias rubens Astropecten irregularis Crustaceans Pagurus bernhardus Liocarcinus depurator Mysids Carcinus maenas Isopods Eurydice pulchra Gastrosaccus spinifer Cumaceans Eudorellopsis deformis Tube building Amphipods Ampelisca brevicornis Diastylis rathkei Burrow dwelling Amphipods Urothoe elegans Crassicorophium crassicorne Bathyporeia elegans Submodel 3. Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers Small Mobile Crustaceans Amphipods Subsurface dwelling Echinoids Echinocyamus pusillus Echinocardium cordatum Crawlers Sabella pavonina Acrocnida brachiata Tube building Spiophanes bombyx Spio filicornis Polydora ciliata Owenia fusiformis Lanice conchilega Travisia forbesii Scoloplos armiger Ophelia borealis Magelona mirabilis Chaetozone setosa Arenicola marina Aonides paucibranchiata Thracia phaseolina Spisula subtruncata Phaxas pellucidus Ophiurids Echinoderms Burrow dwelling Burrowing Bivalves Nucula nitidosa Kurtiella bidentata Moerella pygmaea Tellina fabula Ensis ensis Abra alba Species Chamelea gallina Sub functional group A5.234 - Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand Polcyhaetes Aricidea cerrutii Bivalves Major functional group A5.23 - Infralittoral find sand A5.231 - Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna A5.232 - Sertularia cupressina and Hydrallmania falcata on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles A5.233 - Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in infralittoral sand Submodel 2. Small Mobile Fauna and Tube/Burrow Dwelling Crustaceans Submodel 1. Suspension and Deposit Feeding Infauna Model JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 4. General Control Model Shallow Sublittoral Sand Habitats 1. Regional to Global Drivers 2. Water Column Processes Geology Shallow Sublittoral Sand Legend Depth Primary Production Wave Exposure Suspended Sediment Water Currents Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Propagule Supply Climate Dissolved Oxygen Driver Relevance to Infralittoral/Circalittoral Low Relevance Infralittoral High Relevance Infralittoral Low Relevance Circalittoral High Relevance Circalittoral Degree of Natural Variability Low natural variability Moderate natural variability High natural variability Feedback 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Seabed Mobility Grazing and predation Food Sources Recruitment Driving Influence Positive Interaction Negative Interaction Version 1.0 Benthic infauna 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Suspension and deposit feeding fauna Small mobile fauna and tube/burrow dwelling crustaceans Temporary or permanently attached Epifauna and Macroalgae Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Mobile Epifauna, predators and scavengers Habitat modification Sediment processing Nutrient Cycling Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Sediment Type Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Microbial activity JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 5. Sub‐model 1. Suspension and deposit feeding infauna Legend Magnitude of Influence 1. Regional to Global Drivers Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Small Propagule Supply Climate Medium Large Driving Influence Positive Interaction 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Negative Interaction Dissolved Oxygen Feedback Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Plankton POM Detritus Bacteria & Fungi Seabed Mobility Meio fauna Recruitment Driver Relevance to Infralittoral/Circalittoral Low Relevance Infralittoral High Relevance Infralittoral Low Relevance Circalittoral High Relevance Circalittoral Degree of Natural Variability Bivalves 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Burrowing Bivalves, e.g. Abra alba, Ensis ensis, Kurtiella bidentata, Phaxas pellucidus Polychaetes Burrow dwelling, e.g. Arenicola marina, Magelona mirabilis, Scoloplos armiger Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Tube building, e.g. Lanice conchilega, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Echinoderms Crawlers, e.g. Aricidea cerrutii Bioturbation Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Ophiurids, e.g. Acrocnida brachiata Subsurface dwelling, e.g. Echinocardium cordatum, Echinocyamus pusillus Bioengineering Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Low natural variability Sublittoral Sand Moderate natural variability High natural variability Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Version 1.0 Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Microbial activity Enhancement JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 6. Sub‐model 2. Small Mobile Fauna and Tube/Burrow Dwelling Crustaceans Legend Magnitude of Influence 1. Regional to Global Drivers Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Small Propagule Supply Climate Medium Large Driving Influence Positive Interaction 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Feedback Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Micro algae Detritus 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Burrow dwelling, e.g. Crassicorophium crassicorne, Urothoe elegans Tube building, e.g. Ampelisca brevicornis Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Seabed Mobility Micro organisms Recruitment Cumaceans, e.g. Diastylis rathkei, Eudorellopsis deformis Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Low natural variability Sublittoral Sand Isopods, e.g. Eurydice pulchra Bioturbation Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Driver Relevance to Infralittoral/Circalittoral Low Relevance Infralittoral High Relevance Infralittoral Low Relevance Circalittoral High Relevance Circalittoral Degree of Natural Variability Small Mobile Crustaceans Amphipods 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage Small Invertebrates POM Negative Interaction Dissolved Oxygen Mysids, e.g. Gastrosaccus spinifer Bioengineering Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Moderate natural variability High natural variability Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Version 1.0 Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Microbial activity Enhancement JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 7. Sub‐model 3. Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers Legend Magnitude of Influence 1. Regional to Global Drivers Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Small Propagule Supply Climate Medium Large Driving Influence Positive Interaction 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Negative Interaction Dissolved Oxygen Feedback Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Phyto‐ benthos POM Living Prey Plankton Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Crustaceans, e.g. Carcinus maenas, Pagurus bernhardus Echinoderms; Asterias rubens, Ophiura ophiura, Astropecten irregularis Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Pisces, e.g. Ammodytes tobianus Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Seabed Mobility Carrion Bioturbation Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Degree of Natural Variability Predatory Gastropods Predatory Polychaetes Burrow dwelling, e.g. Glycera lapidum, Nephtys cirrosa, Lumbrineris latreilli Recruitment Detritus Crawlers, e.g. Paraexegone hebes, Pholoe inornata Crawlers, e.g. Philine quadripartita Bioengineering Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Driver Relevance to Infralittoral/Circalittoral Low Relevance Infralittoral High Relevance Infralittoral Low Relevance Circalittoral High Relevance Circalittoral Sublittoral Sand Low natural variability Moderate natural variability High natural variability Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Version 1.0 Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Population Control JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 8. Sub‐model 4. Attached Epifauna and Macroalgae Legend Magnitude of Influence 1. Regional to Global Drivers Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Small Propagule Supply Climate Medium Large Driving Influence Positive Interaction 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Feedback Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Plankton POM Erect, shorter lived Epifauna 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Hydrozoans, e.g. Hydrallmania falcata, Sertularia cupressina Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Detritus Grazing and predation Living Prey Soft‐bodied Epifauna Bryozoans, e.g. Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum Anemones, e.g. Urticina felina, Cerianthus lloydii Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Export of Organic Matter Seabed Mobility Negative Interaction Dissolved Oxygen Recruitment Driver Relevance to Infralittoral/Circalittoral Low Relevance Infralittoral High Relevance Infralittoral Low Relevance Circalittoral High Relevance Circalittoral Degree of Natural Variability Macroalgae Low natural variability Sublittoral Sand Kelp, e.g. Saccharina latissima High natural variability Supply of Propagules Bioengineering Biogeochemical cycling Biodiversity Enhancement Moderate natural variability Sediment Stability Biotope Stability Version 1.0 Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Habitat Provision JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 9. Sub‐model 1. Suspension and deposit feeding infauna ‐ CONFIDENCE Legend Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Low confidence Propagule Supply Climate 1. Regional to Global Drivers Medium confidence High confidence 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Link informed by Literature Review Dissolved Oxygen Link informed by Expert Opinion * * Links informed by Expert Opinion do not exceed the Medium Confidence level. Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Plankton POM Detritus Bivalves 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Burrowing Bivalves, e.g. Abra alba, Ensis ensis, Kurtiella bidentata, Phaxas pellucidus Bacteria & Fungi Polychaetes Burrow dwelling, e.g. Arenicola marina, Magelona mirabilis, Scoloplos armiger Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Tube building, e.g. Lanice conchilega, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Seabed Mobility Meio fauna Version 1.0 Recruitment Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Echinoderms Crawlers, e.g. Aricidea cerrutii Bioturbation Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Ophiurids, e.g. Acrocnida brachiata Subsurface dwelling, e.g. Echinocardium cordatum, Echinocyamus pusillus Bioengineering Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Sublittoral Sand Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Microbial activity Enhancement JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 10. Sub‐model 2. Small Mobile Fauna and Tube/Burrow Dwelling Crustaceans Legend 1. Regional to Global Drivers Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Propagule Supply Climate Low confidence Medium confidence High confidence 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Link informed by Literature Review Dissolved Oxygen Link informed by Expert Opinion * * Links informed by Expert Opinion do not exceed the Medium Confidence level. Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Micro algae Detritus POM 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Tube building, e.g. Ampelisca brevicornis Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Seabed Mobility Micro organisms Recruitment Version 1.0 Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Small Mobile Crustaceans Amphipods Burrow dwelling, e.g. Crassicorophium crassicorne, Urothoe elegans Small Invertebrates Cumaceans, e.g. Diastylis rathkei, Eudorellopsis deformis Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Sublittoral Sand Isopods, e.g. Eurydice pulchra Bioturbation Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Mysids, e.g. Gastrosaccus spinifer Bioengineering Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Microbial activity Enhancement Sub‐model 3. Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 11. Legend Low confidence Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Propagule Supply Climate 1. Regional to Global Drivers Medium confidence High confidence Link informed by Literature Review 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Dissolved Oxygen Link informed by Expert Opinion * * Links informed by Expert Opinion do not exceed the Medium Confidence level. Version 1.0 Food sources Seabed Mobility 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Phyto‐ benthos POM Living Prey Plankton Mobile Epifauna, Predators and Scavengers 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Crustaceans, e.g. Carcinus maenas, Pagurus bernhardus Echinoderms; Asterias rubens, Ophiura ophiura, Astropecten irregularis Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Pisces, e.g. Ammodytes tobianus Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Carrion Detritus Bioturbation Biogeochemical Cycling Export of Organic Matter Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Predatory Gastropods Predatory Polychaetes Burrow dwelling, e.g. Glycera lapidum, Nephtys cirrosa, Lumbrineris latreilli Recruitment Crawlers, e.g. Paraexegone hebes, Pholoe inornata Crawlers, e.g. Philine quadripartita Bioengineering Sediment Stability Biodiversity Enhancement Sublittoral Sand Supply of Propagules Habitat Provision Biotope Stability Population Control JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 12. Sub‐model 4. Attached Epifauna and Macroalgae ‐ CONFIDENCE Legend 1. Regional to Global Drivers Geology Depth Wave Exposure Water Currents Low confidence Propagule Supply Climate Medium confidence High confidence Link informed by Literature Review 2. Water Column Processes Primary Production Suspended Sediment Water Chemistry & Temperature Light Attenuation Dissolved Oxygen Link informed by Expert Opinion * * Links informed by Expert Opinion do not exceed the Medium Confidence level. Food sources 3. Local Processes/Inputs at the Seabed Plankton POM Erect, shorter lived Epifauna 4. Habitat and Biological Assemblage 5. Output Processes 6. Local Ecosystem Functions 7. Regional to Global Ecosystem Functions Hydrozoans, e.g. Hydrallmania falcata, Sertularia cupressina Secondary Production Food Resource Export of Biodiversity Detritus Living Prey Soft‐bodied Epifauna Bryozoans, e.g. Flustra foliacea, Alcyonidium diaphanum Seabed Mobility Grazing and predation Anemones, e.g. Urticina felina, Cerianthus lloydii Biodeposition Nutrient Cycling Export of Organic Matter Version 1.0 Recruitment Please see accompanying report for model restrictions and limitations Macroalgae Sublittoral Sand Kelp, e.g. Saccharina latissima Supply of Propagules Bioengineering Biogeochemical cycling Biodiversity Enhancement Sediment Stability Biotope Stability Habitat Provision JNCC Report No. 585 Appendix 13 – Pressure descriptions List of anthropogenic pressures relevant to shallow sublittoral sand habitats. Pressures and descriptions are taken from the Intercessional Correspondence Group on Cumulative Effects (ICG-C). Pressure theme Pressure Biological pressures Removal of non-target species Physical damage (Reversible Change) Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) Physical damage (Reversible Change) Abrasion/dist urbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed Physical damage (Reversible Habitat structure changes - Description By-catch associated with all fishing activities. The physical effects of fishing gear on sea bed communities are addressed by the "abrasion" pressure type so this addresses the direct removal of individuals associated with fishing/ harvesting. Ecological consequences include food web dependencies, population dynamics of fish, marine mammals, turtles and sea birds (including survival threats in extreme cases, e.g. Harbour Porpoise in Central and Eastern Baltic). Changes in water clarity from sediment & organic particulate matter concentrations. It is related to activities disturbing sediment and/or organic particulate matter and mobilising it into the water column. Could be 'natural' land run-off and riverine discharges or from anthropogenic activities such as all forms of dredging, disposal at sea, cable and pipeline burial, secondary effects of construction works, e.g. breakwaters. Particle size, hydrological energy (current speed & direction) and tidal excursion are all influencing factors on the spatial extent and temporal duration. This pressure also relates to changes in turbidity from suspended solids of organic origin (as such it excludes sediments - see the "changes in suspended sediment" pressure type). Salinity, turbulence, pH and temperature may result in flocculation of suspended organic matter. Anthropogenic sources mostly short lived and over relatively small spatial extents. The disturbance of sediments where there is limited or no loss of substrate from the system. This pressure is associated with activities such as anchoring, taking of sediment/geological cores, cone penetration tests, cable burial (ploughing or jetting), propeller wash from vessels, certain fishing activities, e.g. scallop dredging, beam trawling. Agitation dredging, where sediments are deliberately disturbed by and by gravity & hydraulic dredging where sediments are deliberately disturbed and moved by currents could also be associated with this pressure type. Compression of sediments, e.g. from the legs of a jack-up barge could also fit into this pressure type. Abrasion relates to the damage of the sea bed surface layers (typically up to 50cm depth). Activities associated with abrasion can cover relatively large spatial areas and include: fishing with towed demersal trawls (fish & shellfish); bio-prospecting such as harvesting of biogenic features such as maerl beds where, after extraction, conditions for recolonisation remain suitable or relatively localised activities including: seaweed harvesting, recreation, potting, aquaculture. Change from gravel to silt substrate would adversely affect herring spawning grounds. Unlike the "physical change" pressure type where there is a permanent change in sea bed type (e.g. sand to gravel, sediment to a hard artificial substrate) the Benchmark (Tillin et al, 2010) Removal of features through pursuit of a target fishery at a commercial scale A change in one rank on the WFD (Water Framework Directive) scale e.g. from clear to turbid for one year Damage to seabed surface features Extraction of sediment to 30cm JNCC Report No. 585 Change) removal of substratum (extraction) Physical damage (Reversible Change) Siltation rate changes, including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden) Physical loss (Permanent Change) Physical change (to another seabed type) "habitat structure change" pressure type relates to temporary and/or reversible change, e.g. from marine mineral extraction where a proportion of seabed sands or gravels are removed but a residual layer of seabed is similar to the pre-dredge structure and as such biological communities could re-colonise; navigation dredging to maintain channels where the silts or sands removed are replaced by non-anthropogenic mechanisms so the sediment typology is not changed. When the natural rates of siltation are altered (increased or decreased). Siltation (or sedimentation) is the settling out of silt/sediments suspended in the water column. Activities associated with this pressure type include mariculture, land claim, navigation dredging, disposal at sea, marine mineral extraction, cable and pipeline laying and various construction activities. It can result in short lived sediment concentration gradients and the accumulation of sediments on the sea floor. This accumulation of sediments is synonymous with "light" smothering, which relates to the depth of vertical overburden. “Light” smothering relates to the deposition of layers of sediment on the seabed. It is associated with activities such as sea disposal of dredged materials where sediments are deliberately deposited on the sea bed. For “light” smothering most benthic biota may be able to adapt, i.e. vertically migrate through the deposited sediment. “Heavy” smothering also relates to the deposition of layers of sediment on the seabed but is associated with activities such as sea disposal of dredged materials where sediments are deliberately deposited on the sea bed. This accumulation of sediments relates to the depth of vertical overburden where the sediment type of the existing and deposited sediment has similar physical characteristics because, although most species of marine biota are unable to adapt, e.g. sessile organisms unable to make their way to the surface, a similar biota could, with time, re-establish. The permanent change of one marine habitat type to another marine habitat type, through the change in substatum, including to artificial (e.g. concrete). This therefore involves the permanent loss of one marine habitat type but has an equal creation of a different marine habitat type. Associated activities include the installation of infrastructure (e.g. surface of platforms or wind farm foundations, marinas, coastal defences, pipelines and cables), the placement of scour protection where soft sediment habitats are replaced by hard/coarse substrate habitats, removal of coarse substrate (marine mineral extraction) in those instances where surficial finer sediments are lost, capital dredging where the residual sedimentary habitat differs structurally from the pre-dredge state, creation of artificial reefs, mariculture i.e. mussel beds. Protection of pipes and cables using rock dumping and mattressing techniques. Placement of cuttings piles from oil & gas activities could fit this pressure type, however, there may be an additional pressures, e.g. "pollution and other chemical changes" theme. This pressure excludes up to 30cm of fine material added to the seabed in a single event Permanent loss of existing saline habitat JNCC Report No. 585 Pollution and other chemical changes Nutrient enrichment Pollution and other chemical changes Organic enrichment navigation dredging where the depth of sediment is changes locally but the sediment typology is not changed. Increased levels of the elements nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon (and iron) in the marine environment compared to background concentrations. Nutrients can enter marine waters by natural processes (e.g. decomposition of detritus, riverine, direct and atmospheric inputs) or anthropogenic sources (e.g. waste water runoff, terrestrial/agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, aquaculture, atmospheric deposition). Nutrients can also enter marine regions from ‘upstream’ locations, e.g. via tidal currents to induce enrichment in the receiving area. Nutrient enrichment may lead to eutrophication (see also organic enrichment). Adverse environmental effects include deoxygenation, algal blooms, changes in community structure of benthos and macrophytes. Resulting from the degraded remains of dead biota & microbiota (land & sea); faecal matter from marine animals; flocculated colloidal organic matter and the degraded remains of: sewage material, domestic wastes, industrial wastes etc. Organic matter can enter marine waters from sewage discharges, aquaculture or terrestrial/agricultural runoff. Black carbon comes from the products of incomplete combustion (PIC) of fossil fuels and vegetation. Organic enrichment may lead to eutrophication (see also nutrient enrichment). Adverse environmental effects include deoxygenation, algal blooms, changes in community structure of benthos and macrophytes. Compliance with WFD criteria for good status A deposit of 2 100gC/m /yr
