Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
History of catecholamine research wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Endocrine disruptor wikipedia , lookup
Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland thymus adrenal glands (one at each kidney) pancreas gonads testis ovary II. Hormones—chemical signals of change A. Classes of animal hormones • • • 1. Peptide hormones 2. Amino acid derivatives 3. Steroid hormones (a) (extracellular fluid) hormone: (1st messenger) (plasma membrane) 1 (cytoplasm) activates (nuclear membrane) 2 cAMPsynthesizing enzyme active enzyme product hormone receptor protein 4 (2nd messenger) 3 activates enzyme inactive reactant (nucleus) (b) steroid hormone (plasma membrane) 1 (extracellular fluid) (nuclear membrane) hormone-receptor complex 2 DNA 3 (cytoplasm) ribosome 5 RNA polymerase hormone receptor protein 4 gene mRNA protein synthesized (nucleus) II. Hormones—chemical signals of change B. Function of animal hormones • • • 1. Binding to surface receptors 2. Binding to intracellular receptors 3. Negative feedback as a regulatory mechanism for hormone synthesis and release Endocrine cells release hormone. Hormone is distributed throughout the body. capillary Hormone enters bloodstream. receptor on target cell hormonereceptor complex SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE binding occurs, hormonal effects appear NEURAL TISSUE no binding, no hormone effects The mammalian endocrine system Major endocrine glands Hypothalamus– pituitary complex • Anterior pituitary hormones • Posterior pituitary hormones neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus HYPOTHALAMUS hormone artery direction of blood flow Oxytocin or ADH is secreted into the blood by neurosecretory cells. PITUITARY (anterior lobe) PITUITARY (posterior lobe) capillary bed capillary bed Hormone is secreted into the blood by pituitary cells. endocrine cells vein artery Hypothalamus sends impulses to posterior pituitary. hypothalamus hunger posterior pituitary Oxytocin is released and carried in blood to the breast. Muscles contract and squeeze out milk. Nerve impulses are sent to Hypothalamus. Suckling stimulates nerves in breast. milk gland muscle duct cells milk-producing cells nipple The mammalian endocrine system Thyroid and parathyroid glands a. Thyroxine and metabolism b. Hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease (a) larynx thyroid gland esophagus trachea (b) The mammalian endocrine system 3. Pancreas as an endocrine gland a. Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon b. Insulin insensitivity and diabetes mellitus eating insulin-producing cells pancreas glucagon-producing cells glucagon glucose glycogen liver insulin The mammalian endocrine system 4. Sex organs and steroid hormones a. Puberty and secondary sex characteristics b. Gamete production The mammalian endocrine system Adrenal glands a. Adrenal medulla 1) Produces adrenaline and noradrenaline a) Released in response to stress or emergency situations b. Adrenal cortex 1) Produces glucocorticoids a) Steroid hormones that help regulate glucose metabolism b) Glucocorticoids and sports medicine 2) Produces aldosterone a) Steroid hormone that regulates the sodium content of the blood by affecting the kidneys and sweat glands 3) Testosterone synthesis and the bearded lady adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine) adrenal gland adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, testosterone, aldosterone) kidney The mammalian endocrine system Kidneys a. Erythropoietin 1) Response to low oxygen content in the blood 2) Stimulates the production of RBC in the bone marrow b. Renin 1) Response to low blood pressure 2) Activates the production of angiotensin, which constricts arterioles