Download Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
NOUNS
A noun is a part of speech that denotes a
person, animal, place, thing, or idea.
Common nouns
Proper nouns
Abstract nouns
Concrete nouns
Collective nouns
COMMON NOUNS
• A Common Noun is a name of common
person or thing.
[Common here means shared by all.]
• Examples:
• Sana is a girl.
• Ali is a boy.
• Karachi is a city.
• Pakistan is a country .
PROPER NOUNS
• A Proper Noun is the name of some particular
person or place.
Example
Quaid-e-Azam was a good politician.
Qasim was famous for his wisdom.
Taj Mahal is matchless in its beauty.
ABSTRACT NOUNS
• A noun which cannot be identified through one
of the five senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing,
smell).
• An Abstract Noun is usually the name of :
• Quality: Goodness, kindness, whiteness.
• Action : Laughter, theft, movement.
• State : Sleep, sickness, death, poverty.
Concrete nouns
• A noun which can be identified through one of
the five senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing,
smell).
• e.g. Please remember to buy oranges.
• I borrowed a book from Ahmed.
Identify the concrete and abstract
nouns ???????
 The principal asked all the students to think about
the importance of friendship.
• I wore a costume for Halloween.
• I would like the freedom to travel all over the
world.
• Her eyes were full of hope as she asked her mom
to let her keep the puppy.
Collective nouns
 Collective nouns represent and describe a group of:
 People: class, team, clan, family, audience,
Animals: herd (of cattle), flock (of birds), litter
(of kittens), pack (of wolves), swarm (of bees)
Things: bunch (of things), batch (of cookies),
collection (coins, tickets), deck (of cards)
Collective nouns (singular & plural)
• Collective nouns can be either singular or
plural. A collective noun is singular when it
refers to the group as a unit. It is plural when it
refers to the individual members of the group.
• e.g. The jury often have different reactions to
the evidence they hear.
• The jury has taken a decision.
Countable nouns
• Countable nouns (or countable) are the names
of objects, people, etc. that we can count.
• e.g. book, pen, apple, boy, sister, doctor, horse.
Uncountable nouns
 Uncountable nouns are the names of things which we
cannot count.
 e.g. milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty.
Find out common, proper, collective, abstract
 The crowd was very big.
 Always speak the truth.
 We all love honesty.
 Our class consists of twenty pupils.
 The elephant has great strength.
 Sadi was famous for his wisdom.
 We saw a fleet of ships in the harbor.
 The class is studying grammar.
PRONOUN
• A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces a
noun in a sentence.
• e.g.
• Ali passed the test. (He)
You passed the test.
Types of Pronoun
• Personal Pronoun
• Possessive Pronoun
• Reflexive/Intensive Pronoun
• Demonstrative Pronoun
• Interrogative Pronoun
• Relative Pronoun
• Indefinite Pronoun
Personal Pronoun
• stand in for people, places, things and
ideas.
Example: I, we, you, he, she, it, they
Possessive Pronoun
A pronoun indicating possession
Example:
mine, yours, hers, their
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point out the objects
to which they refer.
• e.g. this , these , that , those
Examples:
This is my book.
These are very interesting stories.
Interrogative pronouns ?
• Interrogative pronouns ask questions.
e.g. Who, whom , whose, which, what
Examples:
Who went with him?
Where did he visit?
Relative Pronoun
 used to link two sentences that have the same
noun or pronoun. It the beginning of a relative
clause.
 e.g. that, which, who, whose
 I bought a car.
 The car needs repair.
 I bought a car that needs repair.
Verb
• A verb is a word used to express an action.
• e.g.
• I took a photograph.
• I discussed the reasons of corruption in Pakistan.
• We are going to Spain for our holidays.
Types of verb
• Action verbs ( sleep, search, read)
• Linking verbs ( Auxiliary/modal verbs)
• Transitive
• Intransitive
Modal verbs
Adjective
• An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or a
pronoun and make its meaning more definite.
• An adjective modify a word by telling:
1. What kind, ( adjective of quality)
2. Which one, ( demonstrative adjective)
3. How much
4. How many
(quantitative)
What kind?
( Qualitative)
Which one?
How much or how
( demonstrative) many? (Quantitative)
Tall woman
Another one
Less time
Steep mountain
This year
More money
Eager clerk
Last answer
Many mistakes
Tired dog
Those people
Few marbles
Exciting story
That dress
Larger share
Types of Adjective
• Descriptive Adjective/ Adjective of quality
The adjectives which describe the quality e.g. good
or bad.
Examples:
1. The young boys are often impatient.
2. The rich people should be kind to the poor.
3. The old men were sitting in the sun.
Quantitative Adjectives
• Describe the quantity of something. Quantitative adjectives are:
Much, many, more, little, some, few, any and all numbers.
1. Many and few are used with countable nouns.
2. Much and little are used with uncountable
nouns.
3. Much and many are normally used in
negative interrogative sentences.
Demonstrative Adjective
• Demonstrative adjectives point out which person or thing is
meant.
• Example: This, that, these , those, such, last, another
1. This boy is stronger than Harry.
2. These mangoes are sour.
3. I hate such things.
4. That girl is Intelligent.
Positive
Big
Great
Short
Old
Large
Happy
Lucky
Heavy
Beautiful
Horrible
Good
Bad
Little
Many
Degrees
of
Adjectives
Comparative
Superlative
Bigger
Greater
Shorter
Older
Larger
Happier
Luckier
Heavier
More beautiful
More horrible
Better
Worse
Less
More
Biggest
Greatest
Shortest
Oldest
Largest
Happiest
Luckiest
Heaviest
Most beautiful
Most horrible
Best
Worst
Least
Most
Adverbs
• An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning
of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
• Examples.
• Ali runs quickly.
• This is a very sweet mango.
• Zain reads quite clearly.
Types of Adverb
• Adverbs of time
• Adverbs of manner
• Adverbs of place
• Adverbs of frequency
• Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of time (shows when)
Before
Today
Ago
• I have heard this before.
Soon
Few
• We shall now begin to work.
yesterday
• I hurt my knee yesterday.
Tomorrow
Lately
Already
sometimes
Adverbs of manner (shows how
or in what manner)
•
•
•
•
e.g.
The story is well written.
The child slept soundly.
The boy works hard.
Adverbs of place ( which shows where)
• Example:
• Stand here.
• I searched everywhere I could think of.
• John looked around but he couldn't see the
child.
Adverbs of Frequency ( shows how
often)
•
•
•
•
Example:
You often makes mistakes.
He seldom comes here.
He always tries to do his best.
Adverbs of Quantity ( how much or
in what degree or to what extent )
Few
Examples:
• John was too careless.
• I am fully prepared.
• I am so glad.
A lot
many
more
Much
too
Enough
very
To be continued…….
Preposition
 A word or group of words used with a noun, pronoun, or
noun phrase to show direction, location, or time, or to
introduce an object.
e.g.
 He is fond of tea.
 What are you looking at?
 He jumped into the water.
Types of Preposition
• Three Groups of Prepositions:
 Prepositions of place,position and direction.
Prepositions of time.
Prepositions for other relationships.
SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS
PLACE
POSITION
DIRECTION
TIME
OTHER
above
across
along
among
at
away from
behind
below
beside
between
beyond
by
down
from
in
in front of
inside
into
near
off
on
opposite
out (of)
outside
over
around
through
to
towards
under
up
after
before
at
by
for
during
from
in
except
as
like
about
with
without
by
for
You must know
prepositions are always followed by a "noun", never followed by
a verb.
•
By "noun" we include:
•
Noun (dog, money, love)
•
Proper Noun (name) (London, Mary)
•
•
•
Pronoun (you, him, us)
Noun Group (my first car)
Gerund (swimming)
• When we say next, last, this, every we do not
use at, in, on.
If we want to follow with a verb, we must use the "-ing" form
which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.
Subject + Verb
Preposition
"noun"
The pen is
on
the table.
He lives
in
England.
Henry is looking
for
you.
The newspaper is
under
your green book.
Pascal is used
to
English people.
She isn't used
to
working.
We ate
before
coming.
Prepositions of Time
• At
for exact TIME
• On
for DAYS and Dates
• In
for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG
PERIODS
At
In
On
( Exact time)
(MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and
LONG PERIODS )
At 4:30 pm
in March
on Monday
At 3 o'clock
In Winter
On 6 March
At noon
In the summer
On 22 Dec.2012
At dinnertime
In 1990
On Christmas Day
At bedtime
In the next century
On your birthday
At the moment
In the future
On New Year's Eve
(for DAYS and Dates)
Preposition of Place (at, in, on)
• In General:
At for a POINT ( bus stop, corner, entrance)
• In for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• On for a SURFACE
•
At ( for a point)
In ( enclosed space)
On ( surface)
At the bus stop
In London
On the wall
At the corner
In the garden
On the ceiling
At the entrance
In a box
On the floor
At the crossroads
In a building
On the carpet
At the top of the page
In a car
On a page
At
In
On
At home
In a car
On a bus
At work
In a taxi
On a train
At school
In a helicopter
On a plane
At university
In an elevator
On a bicycle
At the top
In the sky
On the radio
At the bottom
In the street
On the left
At the side
In a row
On a horse
At reception
In a boat
On a boat
More Prepositions
Prepositions
use
Example
during
while in
during the movie, during the flight,
during my stay
for
for two days, for an hour
from / to
from Saturday to Monday, from 5
to 9
between
the time period from one to
another
between 1986 and 2012, between
Saturday and Monday
until/till
before a certain time
until/till Sunday,5 o'clock
by
at the least
by Tuesday, by next month, by
tomorrow
to
movement towards
to school, to work, to the station
into
movement towards inside
something
into the cinema, into the car
out of
to leave a place/a thing
out of the theater, out of the car
by
near/next to/beside
LINK stand by me, by the lake
through the tunnel, through the
room
through
across
against
opposite ends
across the river, across the street
against the wall, against the door
Conjunctions
• It is used to join sentences or to coordinate words.
• e.g.
• The government recommends everyone stay
inside because the winds could be dangerous.
• We ate lunch, and we took a nap.
Types of conjunctions
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• Subordinating Conjunctions
• Correlative Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating conjunctions join words,
phrases, and clauses together, which are usually
grammatically equal.
• e.g.
• Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.
 I don't want to waste a drop of gas, for it is very
expensive these day.
 I scored 60% in the exams but Anita scored 7%
more
than me this year.
Subordinating Conjunctions
• It is used to join an independent
clause(complete sentence) with a dependent
clause.
• e.g.
• He was fond of playing basketball because it
was his father’s favorite game.
• It would be fantastic if you could come to the
party.
Correlative Conjunctions
 A paired conjunction (such as not only . . . but also)
that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.
• You can have either apples or pears.
• She got the perfect score in not only English but also
math.
Interjection
 An interjection or exclamation is a word used to express a particular
emotion, sentiment, or command.
 e.g.
 Oh well, all good things must come to an end.
 Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled.
 Oh! I can’t believe you are late again.