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News Report! AT LEAST 16 PEOPLE DIED AFTER THE COSTA CONCORDIA CRUISE SHIP RAN AGROUND WITH MORE THAN 4,000 PASSENGERS AND CREW ON 13 JANUARY, ONLY HOURS AFTER LEAVING THE ITALIAN PORT OF CIVITAVECCHIA. THE MAPS AND GRAPHICS BELOW REVEAL DETAILS ABOUT THE VESSEL AND ITS ILL-FATED JOURNEY. 'The lifeboats did not lower properly, the crew didn't know what to do, they were unprepared in dealing with an emergency, wrong orders were given such as being told to return to cabins. http://www.bbc.co.uk/new s/world-europe-16563562 1 ½ -2 pages typed double spaced 12 font Current Event Due Next Week January 31st Would a more rigorous passenger safety lesson have saved any of those who lost their lives aboard that ship? Should the Captain of the ship be charged with manslaughter? In your opinion, what should happen to the captain of the Concordia disaster? Effects of the Reformation Protestant churches flourished, new denominations developed. Council of Trent-Catholic Church more unified Catholics/Protestants emphasized education in their beliefs. Status of women in church (stayed same) Individual monarchs and states gained power Led to Enlightenment-questioning churches beliefs. Overthrowing existing governments Age of Exploration Pretend you are an explorer in the 1400’s. You are asked to explore a completely UNKNOWN island. You do not know what lives there, how to get there (exactly) or how long you will be there. – What will you do? – What rewards (besides jewels) might come from exploring the sea? – What risks might you entail by embarking on such an unknown journey? Around 987 Viking’s (Scandinavians)accidentally visit North America continent. Why? Early 1400’s Europeans ready to venture beyond borders. (Renaissance – adventure and curiosity) Set up trading links with spice producing lands in Asia. Explored during Crusades (control of Holy Lands), Marco Polo reached China. Motives: 3 G’s Gold, God, and Glory! FOR GOLD, GOD, and GLORY! GOLD! (WEALTH! ) – New spices in Europe (introduced during the Crusades) = demand for the spices. – Europeans wanted to cut out the middle man ! – Europeans try to find new trade routes because they want new sources of wealth. Muslims sold Spices to Italians for lots of $ Europe buys it for a higher price Italians sell it to Europe for MORE $$$ GOD (Spread of Christianity)& Glory! The Crusades pushed Christians to feel it was their duty to spread their religion and convert people to Christianity ( and not to be Muslim) Glory-Be the first to conquer! Technology New vessel- Caravel, Sturdier than vassals. Triangular sails helped sail against the wind. Used astrolabe, (Muslim invention) (rings to sight altitude of stars), compass (Chinese invention) Sextant used 1700s-determine latitude and longitude TECHNOLOGY HELPS ! The introduction of the Caravel made travel easier ! – 65 feet long = more space for food/ppl. – Able to explore close to shore. - Larger sails for easier movement and power! New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant New Weapons Technology Portugal Leads the Way Leader in sailing Portugal. 1st Euro country establish trading outposts along West Coast of Africa. Portuguese pushed further into Indian Ocean. Prince Henry (son of Portugal King) Used own fortune organized 14 voyages along west coast of Africa. Henry-Founded navigation school 1419. Portugal's established trading posts on Africans shores Portuguese Sailors Reach Africa Portuguese thought to reach Asia, sail around Tip of Africa. Bartolomeu Dias 1488 ventured far down coast of the tip of Africa. Storm took him to South east tip of Africa. Exhausted, low on supplies, captain returned home. He wanted to go to India though! Vasco de Gama Vasco de Gama-1498 began exploring East African Coast. Reached Calicut –coast of India. Spices, silks, and gems. Filled ship with spices. 27,00 miles Portugal had direct sea route to India! Spain Makes Claims Spain monarchs want to find direct route to Asia. 1492-Christopher Columbus convinced Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) Sailed west across Atlantic Ocean. Columbus reached island of Caribbean. He thought he was in East Indies Oops! Rivalry Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace btwn Spain and Portugal. Imaginary line North to South threw Atlantic Ocean. All lands west of line Spain, all lands east of Line Portugal. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. Spain Portugal Portuguese took control of spice trade from Muslim merchants English and Dutch challenge. Dutch (Netherlands)-sea power, Largest fleet ships in the world 20,000 vessels. Dutch East India Company direct trade routes to Asia, make treaties, mint money, raise armies. Dutch drove out English. 1501-1502 Amerigo Vespucci first explorer to come up with the idea that these new places were not Asia but a "New World." In 1507, a pamphlet "The Four Voyages of Amerigo" and the author suggested that the new land that Amerigo had explored be named in his honor. New Voyages John Cabot- discovered Newfoundland (Canada) while trying to find a Northwest Passage to Asia under Henry VIII(England) . Pedro Cabral- (Portugal) discovered S. America by accident. Vasco Nunez de Balboa-Spain- went across Isthamus of Panama and first to discover Pacific Ocean 1513. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506] Columbus’ Four Voyages Christopher Columbus Daring voyage in Spain 1492. Sailed west across Atlantic, searching for Asia. Landed in Caribbean. Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria sailed out of port. Landed in Bahamas. The Taino were living there. Called island San Salvador “Holy Savior.” Goal: Transform Caribbean into colonies. first to explore the West Indies, Cuba, and Hispaniola Isabelle and Ferdinand delighted, finance 3 more trips. Ferdinand Magellan 1519-Convinced King of Spain to fund voyage, 250 men, 5 ships, sailed around southern end of South America and into Pacific. Food supplies ran out, explored Guam, Philippines, became involved in local wars and was killed. Out of whole crew 18 men and one ship arrived back in 1522 (3 years later) First persons to circumnavigate-sail around the world. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c Asia 1600s-Dutch control Indian Ocean trade. Trading posts in Asian countries. Controlled Cape of Good hope. English East India Companyestablish posts in India. English joinstock company ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent. INDIA BEFORE CONTACT The Mughal Empire was richer & more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. They did not want to trade with Europe. Still, Mughal emperors allowed European trading companies to build forts along the coast of India INDIA AFTER CONTACT Mughal government collapsedFrench and English traders fought for control of India The British East India Company used an army of British troops and sepoys. The company gained control of India Isolation 1433-China abandons voyages of exploration 1500s Chinese severely restrict trade with foreigners. 1612-Japans outlaws Christianity and drove out Christian missionaries. 1630s Japan “closed country policy” isolated from Europe for next 200 years Americas Spanish Conquests in Mexico Hernando Cortes-Spaniard landed in Mexico. Conquistadors (Spanish conquerors) -carved out colonies in Mexico, SAmerica, and US Spanish were first European settlers in America. LOCATION: CONQUISTADORS Cortes Conquerors the Aztecs Cortes and 600 men meet Aztec capital Tenochtitlan (emperor Montezuma II) 1520 -fighting and killing began btwn Spaniards and Aztecs. Cortes conquered Aztec bc 1) superior weaponry-muskets and cannons. Aztecs only had arrows., 2) Various native groups helped Cortes 3) Disease- Measles, mumps, smallpox, and typhus European diseases brought to Americas. ****NAmericans had no immunity to these diseases. Spanish Conquests in Peru Francisco Pizarro marched force into South America (1532) Conquered the Incan Empire in Peru. (civil war occurring) 200 men. Emperor of Incan Emperor (Atahualpa), Spaniards kidnapped him and killed him. Remaining force of men after death of Ahtulpa retreated. Spain had steel weapons, gunpowder, horses Spain created American empire- New Spain (Mexico and Guatemala) , lands in Caribbean and Central/South America. Mestizo Relationships btwn Native Americans and Spanish common the mixed population called (Mestizos) -Spanish conquerors oppressed natives for precious resources. Encomienda-Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords. Abuses occurred, and many natives were worked to death. 1542 system abolished. Mulattoes: People of African and European descent. Mestizos and Mulattoes were the lowest social class. Spain’s Influence Expands 16th century Spain’s colonies richest most powerful nation in the world. Built a powerful navy, and army. In 1513- Juan Ponce de Leon landed in Florida and claimed it for Spain. Mostly priests sent to Southwest to explore ad colonize. (no riches) New Mexico filled with Missionaries, headquarters for Catholic Region. Capital Santa Fe “Holy Faith” Africa and Slave Trade Atlantic Slave Trade African slaves used for sugar and tobacco plantations (NA’s died from disease, warfare, and brutal treatment) 1500 -European colonists began enslaving Africans in the Americas. Slaves needed for increased sugar and cotton plantations in the West Indies Slavery in Africa Advantages of Africans 1) exposed European diseases, immunity. 2) experience in farming 3) less likely to escape land is not familiar. 4) skin color easy to catch them Americas-African slave trade-Buying and selling of Africans for work in Americas 1500-1600 300,000 Africans transported to Americas. By 1870, 9.5 million Africans came to Americas 17th century 40 percent of all Africans went to Brazil. How did it start? European traders waited in ports. African merchants with the help of local rulers captured Africans to be enslaved. Delivered slaves in exchange for guns, gold, and other goods. Triangular trade-Transatlantic trading network. Step 1 Europeans transported goods to Africa, Step 2 Africans transported across Atlantic, and sold. Step 3 Merchants bought sugar, coffee and tobacco and sailed to Europe with these products. Africans enslaved in the Americas 1451-1870 Total Number imported: 9.5 million 40% Caribbean Islands (Dutch, French, British) 4% British North America 2% Europe, Asia 16% Spanish America and Spanish Caribbean 38% Portuguese Brazil Middle Passage Voyage brought captured Africans to West Indies (Later to N and S America) Cruelty, dark holds of large ships, whipping and beating, diseases spread, suicide 20% perished on slave ships.