Download Chapter 17 - AP US - 2014 - Phoenixville Area School District

Review… page 705-707
• DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTH
• DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH
• A TRANSFORMED SOUTH
• Were slaves now citizens? What questions
remained?
• “Forty Acres and a Mule”
Essential Questions
•Was Reconstruction ultimately a
success or a failure?
•How did both Southern and Northern
attitudes shape Reconstruction?
•What effect did Reconstruction have
on race relations and the conditions of
blacks?
Think About It:
If you were a member of
Congress, what would you
require the ex-confederate
states to do in order to rejoin
the Union?
Key Questions
1. How to
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How to
rebuild the South
after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How to
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?

Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000
soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers.
Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government
carried out a program to repair the damage to the
South and restore the southern states to the Union.
This program was known as Reconstruction.


Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their new
lives in a poor region with slow economic activity.


Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion.
Poor white Southerners could not find work because of
new job competition from Freedmen.
The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s
shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.
LINK

Review… page 705-707
• DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTH
• DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH
• A TRANSFORMED SOUTH
• Were slaves now citizens? What questions
remained?
• “Forty Acres and a Mule”
South after war 1
1865, Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau
to help former slaves get a new start in life. This
was the first major relief agency in United States
history.
Bureau’s Accomplishments
Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks.
Former slaves rushed to get an education for themselves and
their children.
Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go to school.
Letter by a Teacher teaching freedmen
on the importance of education, 1869:
“It is surprising to me to see the amount of
suffering which many of the people endure
for the sake of sending their children to
school. Men get very low wages here---from
$2.50 to $8.00 month usually, while a first
rate hand may get $10.00, and a peck or two
of meal per week for rations-----and a great
many men cannot get work at all.
The women take in sewing and washing, go
out by day to sour, etc. There is one woman
who supports three children and keeps them
at school; she says, “ I don’t care how hard I
has to work, if I can only send Sallie and the
boys to school looking respectable.”
Importance of Educ to freedmen
Freedmen’s Bureau 3
Freedmen’s
Bureau 4
Freedmen’s Bureau 5
Lincoln’s speech
“With malice
toward none; with
charity for all; with
firmness in the
right, as God gives
us to see the right,
let us strive on to
finish the work we
are in; to bind up the nation’s
wounds….to do all which may achieve
and cherish a just and a lasting peace,
among ourselves, and with all nations.”
Lincoln speech
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
● Lincoln’s 10% Plan
● 10% (1860 voters) pledged
loyalty = readmitted
● Acknowledge Emancipation
● Congress?
● Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
● Thaddeus Stevens (Rep.PA)
● Charles Sumner (Sen.- Mass)
Charles Sumner
pardon
Wade-Davis Bill
• Required 50% of white men in ex-Confederate states
to swear “Iron-Clad Oaths”
• Abolish Slavery
• No former Confederate official could hold office
• Repudiate (reject) Confederate
debt
• Lincoln – Pocket Veto
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
• Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14, 1865)
• John Wilkes Booth
Ford’s Theatre, April 1865
John Wilkes Booth (1862)
President Andrew Johnson
 Pro Union Southerner
 Anti-Aristocrat
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
 Power struggle with
congress
 Impeached – not removed
Johnson’s plan to readmit the
South was considered too gentle.
Amnesty: Presidential pardon
•Rebels sign an oath of allegiance
•10% of the population
•Even high ranking Confederate officials
Write new state Constitutions
•approve the 13th Amendment
Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson’s plan to readmit the
South was considered too gentle.
Amnesty: Presidential pardon
•Rebels sign an oath of allegiance
•10% of the population
•Even high ranking Confederate officials
Write new state Constitutions
•approve the 13th Amendment
•submit to U.S. Government authority
No mention of
•Education for freedmen
•Citizenship and voting rights
Presidential Reconstruction
•Similar to Slave
Codes.
•Restricted the
freedom of movement.
•Limited their rights as
free people.
As southern states were restored to the Union under
President Johnson’s plan, they began to enact black
codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights.
The black codes established virtual slavery with
provisions such as these:
Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after
sunset.
Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is,
not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s
labor.
Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in
January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a
contract often lost all the wages they had earned.
Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes
only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on
plantations.
Mississippi Governor, 1866:
“The Negro is free”
“Whether we like it or not; we must
realize that fact now and forever.
To be free, however, does not make
him a citizen or entitle him to
social or political equality with the
white man.”
Gov of Miss
St. Landry’s Parish,
Louisiana, 1865
Section 1: Be it ordained by the police
jury of parish of St. Landry, That no
negro shall be allowed to pass within
the limits of said parish without a
special permit in writing from his
employer. Whoever shall violate this
provision shall pay a fine of $2.50, or
in default thereof shall be forced to
work four days on the public road or
suffer corporeal punishment.
Black codes 2
St. Landry’s Parish,
Louisiana, 1865
Section 2: Be it ordained: That every
Negro who shall be found absent from
the residence of his employer after 10
o’clock at night, without a written
permit from him employer, shall pay a
fine of $5.00, or in default thereof,
shall be compelled to work 5 days on
the public road or suffer corporeal
punishment.
Black codes 2
St. Landry’s Parish,
Louisiana, 1865
Section 5: Be it ordained, No Negro
who is not in the military service shall
be allowed to carry firearms, or any
kind of weapons, within said parish,
without the special written permission
of his employers. Subject to $5.00
fine, road work or corporeal
punishment.
Charles Summner
Thaddeus Stevens
•Confederate states were “conquered
providences”.
•Advocated black suffrage and denial of
Confederates to return to office
•Disenfranchise former Confederates
•Clashed with Johnson
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866
“Strip a proud nobility of their bloated
estates, send them forth to labor and you
will thus humble the proud traitors.”
Thaddeus Steven, in Congress, 1867
“I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel
state. If it be just, it should not be denied:
if it be necessary, it should be adopted: if it
be a punishment of traitors, they deserve
it.”
Quotes of Radicals
• Johnson vetoes extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau
• Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Congress passed both over veto (2/3 vote)
• 1866 Elections – **Radical Republicans **
Fourteenth Amendment
• Ratified in July, 1868
• Defines U.S. citizenship for the first time
• Guarantees “equal protection under the laws”
and the right to “due process”
• First amendment to explicitly apply to state
governments
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all Reconstruction
orders through the commander of the
military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without
the Senate’s consent, if the position
originally required Senate approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
Plans compared
Reconstruction Act of 1867--76 (Harsh)
•Military Reconstruction Act
•5 military districts
•Draft new state constitutions
•African American Suffrage
•Congress Removed S.C. power to review
Reconstruction
Impeachment
Impeachment
• Tenure of Office Act
•Edwin Stanton
• Impeachment of President Johnson
• Trial in Senate
•Salmon P. Chase
15th Amendment (1870)
 The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or by any state on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that they were
not granted the vote!
All ratify but Kentucky
Union League
The Freed Slaves
Did not abandon their homes
How did Military Service benefit African Americans?
Growth of Baptist Church membership
Schools
Marriage
Sharecroppers were Freedmen and
poor Whites who stayed in the South
and continued to farm.
Freedmen signed a work contract
with their former masters .
Picked cotton or whatever crop the
landowner had.
Freedmen did not receive “40 acres
and a mule”
based on the “credit” system.
Sharecroppers
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
in the South
 crop lien system
Sharecropper’s cabin, North Carolina, 1914
Freedmen in Richmond, Virginia, 1865
6. Sharecropper
cannot leave the
farm as long as he
is in debt to the
landlord.
1. Poor whites and
freedmen have no
jobs, no homes, and
no money to buy
land.
2. Landowners need
laborers and have no
money to pay
laborers.
3. Hire poor whites
and freedmen as
laborers
5. At harvest time,
the sharecropper is
paid.
•Pays off debts.
•If sharecropper
owes more to the
landlord or store
than his share of the
crop is worth;
4. Landlord keeps track
of the money that
sharecroppers owe
him for housing, food
or local store.
•Sign contracts to
work landlord’s land
in exchange for a
part of the crop.
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Sharecroppers
First Black
Senators and
representatives
in the 41st and
42nd Congress.
Hiram Revels
Blanch K.
Bruce
Black Congressmen
Evaulate the Radical Republican Record:
Success?
Failure?
New
South
New South
•Becomes
industrialized
•Cities rebuilt
•Railroads
•Schools, over
a thousand
•Hospitals, 45
in 14 states
•Diversify
economy.
kkk
Carpetbaggers
Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South to help
reconstruct the South
Scalawags
Southerners who helped Carpetbaggers
Freedmen
Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the
reconstruction of their states governments.
Black & White Political Participation
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
Waving the Bloody Shirt!
1868 Presidential Election
“The Era of Good Stealings”
Why?
•
•
•
•
President U.S. Grant(1869-1877)
Credit Mobilier (1872)
Whiskey Ring
Panic of 1873 (6 yr. depression)
Ku Klux Klan refers to
a secret society or an
inner circle
Organized in 1867, in
Polaski, Tennessee by
Nathan Bedford Forrest.
Represented the ghosts
of dead Confederate
soldiers
Disrupted
Reconstruction as much
as they could.
Opposed Republicans,
Carpetbaggers,
Scalawags and
Freedmen.
KKK
Spreading Terror




The Ku Klux Klan
The Klan sought to eliminate the
Republican Party in the South by
intimidating voters.
They wanted to keep African
Americans as submissive
laborers.
They planted burning crosses on
the lawns of their victims and
tortured, kidnapped, or
murdered them.
Prosperous African Americans,
carpetbaggers, and scalawags
became their victims.
The Federal Response
 President Grant’s War On
Terrorism.
 The Enforcement Act of
1870 banned the use of
terror, force, or bribery to
prevent people from
voting.
 Other laws banned the
KKK and used the military
to protect voters and
voting places.
 As federal troops withdrew
from the South, black
suffrage all but ended.
The Panic of 1873
 It raises “the money
question.”
*
debtors seek inflationary
monetary policy by
continuing circulation of
greenbacks.
*
creditors, intellectuals
support hard money.
 1875  Specie
Redemption Act.
The Failure of Federal Enforcement
 Rise of the Redeemers
1876 Presidential Election
1876 Election
•Tilden did not
receive enough
electoral votes.
*
•Special
Commission
gives votes to
Hayes.
•Hayes wins the
election
*Disputed
Electoral votes
164
369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win.
•Democrats
refuse to
recognize Hayes
as President
Rutherford B. Hayes
Samuel Tilden
The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are
referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.
The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to
recognize Hayes as President
In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction
and pull the Union troops out of the South.
Once this happens, there is no protection for the
Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go
back to the way it was.
social reality
After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there
were several ways that Southern states
kept Blacks from voting and segregated,
or separating people by the color of their
skin in public facilities.
Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state
level which segregated whites from blacks
and kept African Americans as 2nd class
citizens and from voting.
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clause
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Struggle for African
American Suffrage
1865
Civil War ends
Reconstruction
begins
1900s-1940s Jim Crow
laws prevent African
Americans from voting
1870s
Reconstruction
ends.
Plessy vs Ferguson effected
social equality for Black
Americans from 1896 to 1960’s
1950s-1960s
Civil Rights
movement begins.
Voting Restrictions for African
Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s