Download Cyberarts2002 - SIUE Computer Science

Artificial Intelligence:
The CyberArt of Being Human
Jerry B. Weinberg
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
And
Occasional Futurist
What is Intelligence?
• Expert Tasks
– Medical Diagnosis
– Airplane Mechanic
• Formal Tasks
– Mathematics
– Game Playing
• Creative Tasks
– Painting
– Music Composition
• Everyday Tasks
– Visual recognition
– Language understanding
Intelligence
• The ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's
environment
• The ability to learn or understand or to deal with new
situations
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Storing knowledge (facts about a subject)
Reasoning (putting facts together to achieve a goal)
Learning (new knowledge and skill refinement)
Perception (interpreting the environment)
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Human
Performance
Thinking
Behavior
Ideal
Performance
Systems that think like
human
Systems that think
rationally
Cognitive Science
Formal Logic
Systems that act like
humans
Systems that act rationally
Turing Test
Heuristic Reasoning
Reasoning: State Space Search
• State Space
– The space of all possible states of a problem
– The actions that can be applied to a state
• Solving a problem: State Space Search
– From a starting state search for a solution by
applying possible actions
– Goal test
• Example:
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How could you find your car?
States: locations where you are
Actions: moving from one point to the next
Goal test: Being in the same location as your car
Exhaustive Search
vs. Intelligent
Search
Heuristic Reasoning
• Heuristic
– “Rule of thumb”
– a way to measure good a state is to get to your
goal
• Examples
– Parking: what would be a good heuristic to find
your car?
Knowledge Representation
• Data  Information Knowledge
– Data is a collection of raw values
– Information is derived facts from values
– Knowledge is information applied to a problem
• Knowledge representation encodes
information in a program in such a way that
it can be applied to a problem
Solve These Problems
• What is the name of this shape?
• 432 X 14 =
• How many windows are in your house?
Knowledge
Representations:
Theories of Cognition
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Rule-based
Model-based
Case-based
Neural Networks
Bayesian Networks
Formal Logic
Different Problems require different ways to represent
the knowledge and different ways of reasoning.
AI’s are physical symbol systems
– Symbols and symbols structures that can be manipulated
syntactically by a set of processes
– The symbol structure can be interpreted semantically
Symbol Grounding Problem
• 4 apples – 1 apple = 3 apples
• Where does a symbol get its “meaning”
• How does a computer “understand” what the
symbol means?
• How do we understand what a symbol means?
The Difficulties of Being a Futurist
• The future is difficult to predict
– Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943
• “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers”
– Ken Olson, President of DEC, 1977
• “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.”
– Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, 1981
• “640 Kilobytes ought to be enough for anybody.”
• Things are not always used for what they are design to do
– Arpanet (original Internet) was designed for robust communication
in the event of a war.
– We are now using it to order dog food and post pictures of our
spring break vacation.
Where is the AI?
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Microsoft Office Helpers
Amazon.com
NBA Scout
Furby
Wal-Mart Stocker
Batman the Movie
Half-life
The Sims
NASA
Creative AI’s
• AARON the cyberartist
– Knowledge of objects and colors
– Creates original paintings
• The Cyber Poet
– “Reads” books and creates a language model
– Uses the model to create original hiaku’s
Soul
A haiku written by Ray Kurzweil's Cybernetic Poet
after reading poems by John Keats and Wendy Dennis
You broke my soul
the juice of eternity,
the spirit of my lips.
Computer Power
• Apple IIe, 1983
– 1 Mhz, $1,400
• Dell PC, Today
– 4 2 Ghz processors, $900
Embedded Computers: Embedded AI
• Augmented Reality
• Ubiquitous Computing
– GPS: Path Finding
– Security Face Recognition
Robotics
A machine able to extract information from its
environment and use knowledge about its world to move
safely in a meaningful manner
A robot is an active,
artificial agent whose
environment is the
physical world
Physically Embodied Computation
The Real World is a Harsh Place
Inaccessible: an agent can only perceive near-by stimuli and has
limited attention
Non-deterministic: the real world has a lot of uncertainty
Dynamic: the environment is changing while the robot is
reasoning and acting
Teleprescence
• The next best thing to being
there?
– Meetings, building inspections,
home doctor visits, search & rescue
• SOE Tour Guide
Autonomous Robots
• Mobile Robotics
– Maintenance
– Construction
– Entertainment
Autonomous Robots
• Robotics
– Productivity
– Service
– HumanComputer
Interaction
Everyone can be a robot scientist
• Robot Kits between $200 - $2000